Mineral Nutrition of Tropical Plants

Foreword
Acknowledgment
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Plant Nutrition
	1.1 Concepts of Plant Nutrition and Its Relationship with Related Disciplines
	1.2 Concept of Nutrient and Criteria of Essentiality
	1.3 Relative Composition of Nutrients in Plants
	1.4 Nutrient Accumulation by Crops and Crop Formation
	1.5 Other Chemical Elements of Interest for Plant Nutrition
	1.6 Hydroponic Cultivation: Preparation and Use of Nutritional Solutions
		Sources of Fertilizers
		Water
		Order of Nutrient Addition
		Maintenance of Adequate pH in the Nutrient Solution
		Maintenance of Adequate Osmotic Pressure in the Nutrient Solution
		Maintenance of Adequate Temperature in the Nutrient Solution
		Maintenance of Oxygenation in the Nutrient Solution
		Maintenance of Adequate EC in the Nutrient Solution
		Disease Prevention Measures
	References
Chapter 2: Ion Uptake by Roots
	2.1 Root-Ion Channel
	2.2 Root’s Anatomical Characteristics and Processes of Active and Passive Uptake
		Anatomical Aspects of the Root
		Root Nutrient Uptake Processes
			Passive Phase
			Active Phase
	2.3 Internal and External Factors Affecting Nutrient Uptake by Roots
		External Factors
			Availability
			Organic Acids and Amino Acids
		Internal Factors
			Genetic Potential
			Internal Ionic State
			Metabolism Intensity
			Transpiration Intensity
			Growth Intensity and Root Morphology
	2.4 Transport
		Redistribution
	References
Chapter 3: Foliar Ion Uptake
	3.1 Introduction
		Anatomical Aspects of the Leaf and Active and Passive Uptake Processes
			External Factors
			General Aspects of Foliar Spraying
	References
Chapter 4: Nitrogen
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Nitrogen Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution
		Nitrogen Uptake
		pH Direct Effect
		Root Age
		Presence of Other Nutrients
		Nitrogen Transport
		Nitrogen Redistribution
	4.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
		Nitrate Assimilatory Reduction
		Nitrogen Incorporation
	4.4 Crop Nutritional Requirements
		Nutrient Extraction and Export
		Nutrient Uptake Rate
	4.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Toxicity
		Deficiency
		Toxicity
	References
Chapter 5: Sulfur
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Sulfur
		Sulfur Uptake
		Sulfur Transport
		Sulfur Redistribution
	5.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
		Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction
	5.4 Crop Nutritional Requirements
		Nutrient Extraction and Export
		Uptake Rate
	5.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
	5.6 Excess Sulfur
	References
Chapter 6: Phosphorus
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Phosphorus Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution
		Phosphorus Uptake
			Effect of pH and Other Nutrients
			Effect of Temperature and Oxygen
		Phosphorus Transport
		Phosphorus Redistribution
	6.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
	6.4 Crop Nutritional Requirements
		Nutrient Extraction and Export
		Nutrient Uptake Rate
	6.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
		Deficiency
		Excess Phosphorus
	References
Chapter 7: Potassium
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Potassium
		Uptake
		Transport
		Redistribution
	7.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
	7.4 Nutritional Requirements of Major Crops
		Nutrient Export and Extraction
		Uptake Rate
		Utilization Efficiency of K by Plants
	7.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
		Deficiency
		Excess
	References
Chapter 8: Calcium
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Calcium
		Uptake
		Transport
		Redistribution
	8.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
	8.4 Crop Nutritional Requirements
		Nutrient Extraction and Transport
		Nutrient Uptake Rate
	8.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
		Deficiency
		Excess
	References
Chapter 9: Magnesium
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Magnesium
		Uptake
		Transport
		Redistribution
	9.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
		Structural (Chlorophyll) and Enzyme Activity
		Protein Synthesis
	9.4 Crop Nutritional Requirements
		Nutrient Extraction and Export
		Nutrient Uptake Rate
	9.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
		Deficiency
		Excess
	References
Chapter 10: Boron
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Boron
		Uptake
		Transport
		Redistribution
	10.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
		Cell Wall Synthesis and Cell Elongation
		Membrane Integrity
		Carbohydrate Transport
		Reproductive Growth
	10.4 Crop Nutritional Requirements
		Nutrient Uptake Rate
	10.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
		Deficiency
		Toxicity
	References
Chapter 11: Zinc
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Zinc
		Uptake
		Transport
		Redistribution
	11.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
		Synthesis of Indoleacetic Acid (AIA)
		Protein Synthesis (RNA) and Nitrate Reduction
		Enzyme Structure and Enzyme Activity
	11.4 Nutritional Requirements of Crops
		Extraction and Export of Nutrients
		Nutrient Absorption Curve
	11.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
		Deficiencies
		Excess
	References
Chapter 12: Manganese
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Manganese
		Uptake
		Transport
		Redistribution
	12.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
	12.4 Nutritional Requirements of Crops
		Extraction and Export of Nutrients
		Absorption Curve
	12.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses of Manganese
		Deficiency
		Toxicity
	References
Chapter 13: Iron
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Iron
		Uptake
		Transport
		Redistribution
	13.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
		Chlorophyll and Protein Biosynthesis
		Cytochrome and Ferredoxin Compounds and Enzyme Activation
	13.4 Mineral Requirements of the Main Crops
	13.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excess of Iron
		Deficiency
		Toxicity
	References
Chapter 14: Copper
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Copper
		Uptake
		Transport
		Redistribution
	14.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
	14.4 Nutritional Requirements of Crops
		Extraction and Export of Nutrients
		Absorption Curve
	14.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excess of Copper
		Deficiency
		Toxicity
	References
Chapter 15: Molybdenum
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Molybdenum
		Uptake
		Transport
		Redistribution
	15.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
	15.4 Nutritional Requirements of Crops
		Extraction and Export of Nutrients
		Absorption Curve
	15.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excess of Molybdenum
		Deficiency
		Toxicity
	References
Chapter 16: Chlorine
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Uptake, Transport and Redistribution of Chlorine
		Uptake
		Transport
		Redistribution
	16.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
	16.4 Nutritional Requirements of Crops
		Extraction and Export of Nutrients
	16.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excess of Chlorine
		Deficiency
		Toxicity
	References
Chapter 17: Nickel
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Uptake, Transport and Redistribution of Nickel
		Uptake
		Transport
		Redistribution
	17.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
	17.4 Crop Nutritional Requirements
	17.5 Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms
		Deficiency
		Toxicity
	References
Chapter 18: Potentially Toxic Metals
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Uptake, Transport and Redistribution of Potentially Toxic Metals
		Uptake
		Transport
		Redistribution
	18.3 Effects on Plant Metabolism
	18.4 Heavy Metal Concentration and Accumulation
	18.5 Toxicity Symptoms
	References
Chapter 19: Visual and Leaf Diagnosis
	19.1 Leaf Sampling Criteria
	19.2 Preparation of Plant Material and Chemical Analysis
	19.3 Other Chemical Analyses
		Silicon
		Nitrate
	19.4 Studies on Leaf Diagnosis in Crops
		Leaf Diagnosis (Critical Level or Appropriate Range)
		Leaf Diagnosis (DRIS—Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System)
			Data Collection
			Data Analysis
	References
Chapter 20: Interactions Between Nutrients
	20.1 Studies on the Most Common Interactions
	20.2 Relationships Between Nutrients in Leaf Analysis
		N × K Interaction
		N and S Interaction
		K, Ca, Mg Interactions
		Mg × Mn/Zn Interactions
		S × Mo Interactions
		N × P Interactions
		Other Interactions
	20.3 Final Considerations
	References
Index