Mind, Brain, Quantum AI, and the Multiverse

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Author
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
	1.1. MIND AND DUALISM
		1.1.1. Plato
		1.1.2. Aristotle
		1.1.3. Neoplatonism
		1.1.4. Descartes
	1.2. PHILOSOPHY OF MIND
		1.2.1. Birth of Modern Science
		1.2.2. Gilbert Ryle
		1.2.3. Daniel Dennett
	1.3. COMPUTATIONALISM
		1.3.1. Automaton and Calculators
		1.3.2. Computationalism and Mind
	1.4. INCOMPATIBILISM AND FREE WILL
CHAPTER 2: Computer Metaphor
	2.1. HISTORY OF ALGORITHMS
	2.2. GODEL’S INCOMPLETENESS THEOREM
		2.2.1. Roger Penrose’s Revelation
	2.3. TOURING MACHINE
		2.3.1. Halting Problem and the Kolmogorov Complexity
	2.4. COMPLEXITY THEORY
	2.5. CHURCH-TURING THESIS AND THE CHURCH-TURING-DEUTSCH THESIS
		2.5.1. Analog and Digital Computers
			2.5.1.1. Digital Computers
	2.6. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
	2.7. SYMBOLICAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE THEORY OF MIND
		2.7.1. Logically Structured Representation
		2.7.2. Rules
		2.7.3. Search in a Problem Space
			2.7.3.1. Expert Systems
		2.7.4. Sub-Symbolic Representation and Intuition
		2.7.5. Cognitive Models of Human Thinking
			2.7.5.1. Examples
			2.7.5.2. SOAR
	2.8. COMPLEX SYSTEMS
		2.8.1. Self-Organization
			2.8.1.1. Synergetics
			2.8.1.2. Associative Memory
			2.8.1.3. Dynamical System
			2.8.1.4. Chaos Theory
			2.8.1.5. Mandelbrot Set
		2.8.2. Artificial Life
			2.8.2.1. Genetic Algorithm
			2.8.2.2. Braitenberg Vehicle
			2.8.2.3. Swarm Intelligence
		2.8.3. Emergence
		2.8.4. Society of Mind
		2.8.5. Strange Loop
		2.8.6. Emergentism
	2.9. CRITIQUE OF THE THEORY OF MIND
	2.10. MACHINE LEARNING AND DEEP LEARNING
		2.10.1. Computationalism and Machine Learning
	2.11. COMPUTER AND THE TIME PERCEPTION
CHAPTER 3: Brain
	3.1. NEURONS
		3.1.1. Mind and Drugs
			3.1.1.1. Drugs as Stimulants
	3.2. DIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
		3.2.1. Endocrine System
		3.2.2. The Cerebrum
	3.3. BRAIN AS COMPUTER METAPHOR
		3.3.1. Human Visual System
		3.3.2. Human Acoustic Processing
		3.3.3. The Sense of Smell
		3.3.4. Assembly Theory
	3.4. NEUROMORPHIC COMPUTING
	3.5. NEUROIMAGING
	3.6. CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE BRAIN
		3.6.1. The Unconscious
		3.6.2. Global Workspace Theory
		3.6.3. Searchlight Theory
		3.6.4. Correlation and Consciousness
			3.6.4.1. Reductionism and Qualia
		3.6.5. Split-Brain
		3.6.6. Libet’s Experiment
		3.6.7. Temporal Window
			3.6.7.1. Cartesian Doubt
	3.7. DREAMS AND MIND
		3.7.1. Conscious Experiences
		3.7.2. Cognition
		3.7.3. Dreams and Identity
		3.7.4. The Meaning
	3.8. DAMASIO’S THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS
	3.9. THE EXPLANATION HYPOTHESIS
	3.10. OPEN QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 4: Quantum Reality
	4.1. ENTROPY AND INFORMATION
		4.1.1. Second Law of Thermodynamics
	4.2. INFORMATION
		4.2.1. Shannon’s Entropy
		4.2.2. Information and Surprise
	4.3. RANDOMNESS
		4.3.1. Laplace’s Demon and the Cat
		4.3.2. Broken Causal Chain
	4.4. QUANTUM EVOLUTION
		4.4.1. Schrodinger’s Cat Paradox
		4.4.2. Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics
		4.4.3. Observables
		4.4.4. Hydrogen Atom
		4.4.5. Quantum Tunneling
	4.5. QUANTUM COMPUTATION
		4.5.1. Qubits
		4.5.2. Mixed States
		4.5.3. Linear Operators
		4.5.4. Entanglement
	4.6. TWO PRINCIPLES OF QUANTUM COMPUTATION
		4.6.1. Quantum Fourier Transform
		4.6.2. Grover’s Amplification Algorithm
	4.7. COUNTERFACTUAL QUANTUM COMPUTATION
	4.8. QUANTUM ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
		4.8.1. Quantum Machine Learning
			4.8.1.1. Linear Algebra-Based Quantum Machine Learning
			4.8.1.2. Quantum Coprocessor
		4.8.2. Symbolical Quantum Artificial Intelligence
			4.8.2.1. Tree Search and the Path Descriptors
			4.8.2.2. Quantum Tree Search
			4.8.2.3. Complete Model of Computation
			4.8.2.4. Cognitive Models of Human Thinking
		4.8.3. Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence
		4.8.4. Quantum Robots
	4.9. QUANTUM BRAIN
		4.9.1. Dualism and Quantum Physics
			4.9.1.1. Stapp
			4.9.1.2. Beck and Eccles
		4.9.2. Non-Computable Aspects of New Physics
CHAPTER 5: Multiverse
	5.1. EVERETT MANY-WORLDS
		5.1.1. Schrodinger’s Cat and the Multiverse
		5.1.2. Hugh Everett III
		5.1.3. New Interpretation of the World
			5.1.3.1. Pythagoreans
			5.1.3.2. Geocentric and Heliocentric Model
		5.1.4. David Deutsch Argument
	5.2. THE PREFERRED BASIS PROBLEM
	5.3. DECOHERENCE IN THE UNIVERSE
	5.4. PROBABILITIES IN THE EVERETT MANY-WORLDS THEORY
		5.4.1. Decision-Theoretic Argument
		5.4.2. Homeostasis and the Allostasis Argument
		5.4.3. Randomness
	5.5. BRANCHING REJOINING AND INTERFERENCE
		5.5.1. Electron and Double Slit
		5.5.2. Quantum Cognition
		5.5.3. Quantum Computing
	5.6. STRUCTURE OF THE MULTIVERSE
		5.6.1. Time
			5.6.1.1. Beta Movement
			5.6.1.2. Past
		5.6.2. Cause and Effect
		5.6.3. Multiverse and the Turing Machine
	5.7. MULTIVERSE AND THE MIND
		5.7.1. Quantum Suicide
		5.7.2. Many-Minds
		5.7.3. The Explanation Hypothesis and the Multiverse
			5.7.3.1. Identity
			5.7.3.2. The Moment “Now”
			5.7.3.3. The Task
			5.7.3.4. Subconsciousness and Superposition
			5.7.3.5. Things Happen
			5.7.3.6. Independents Moments
			5.7.3.7. Sensing the World
		5.7.4. Dualism and Free Will
			5.7.4.1. Multiverse Metaphor: Library of Babel Metaphor
			5.7.4.2. 4321–A Novel
CHAPTER 6: Conclusion
	6.1. DUALISM AND ETHICS
	6.2. COMPUTATIONALISM AND ETHICS
	6.3. MULTIVERSE DUALISM AND ETHICS
	6.4. OTHER MINDS
		6.4.1. Other Civilizations
	6.5. SUMMA TECHNOLOGIAE
		6.5.1. Artificial Intelligence
		6.5.2. Virtual Reality and Immortality
		6.5.3. Limitations
Bibliography
Index