MIMO Wireless Communications

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 11
Preface......Page 13
Acknowledgements......Page 15
Symbols......Page 16
Abbreviations......Page 17
1.1 MIMO wireless communication......Page 21
Spatial diversity gain......Page 22
1.1.2 Basic building blocks......Page 23
1.2 MIMO channel and signal model......Page 24
1.2.2 Frequency-selective and time-selective fading......Page 25
1.2.3 Real-world MIMO channels......Page 26
1.2.4 Discrete-time signal model......Page 27
1.3.2 Multiplexing gain......Page 28
1.3.3 Diversity gain......Page 29
1.3.4 Flexible trade-off......Page 30
1.4.1 Alamouti scheme......Page 31
1.4.2 Spatial multiplexing......Page 33
1.5 MIMO in wireless networks......Page 35
1.5.1 MIMO in cellular networks......Page 36
Distributed MIMO......Page 37
1.6 MIMO in wireless standards......Page 38
1.7 Organization of the book and future challenges......Page 39
References......Page 40
2.1 Introduction......Page 44
2.2 Mutual information and Shannon capacity......Page 45
2.2.2 Time-varying channels......Page 46
2.2.3 Multi-user channels......Page 48
Perfect CSIR and/or CSIT......Page 49
Perfect CSIR and CDIT......Page 50
CDIT and CDIR......Page 52
2.3.2 Constant MIMO channel capacity......Page 53
Capacity with perfect CSIT and perfect CSIR......Page 55
Capacity with perfect CSIR and CDIT: ZMSW model......Page 56
Capacity with perfect CSIR and CDIT: CMI, CCI and QCI models......Page 60
Multiple-input single-output channels......Page 61
Multiple-input multiple-output channels......Page 63
Capacity with CDIT and CDIR: CCI model......Page 64
Capacity with correlated fading......Page 65
Frequency-selective fading channels......Page 67
Application to matrix channels......Page 68
2.4 Multi-user MIMO......Page 69
2.4.1 System model......Page 71
2.4.2 MIMO multiple-access channel......Page 72
Constant channel......Page 73
Fading channels......Page 76
Dirty paper coding achievable rate region......Page 78
Constant channel capacity......Page 80
Fading channels......Page 82
Sub-optimal methods......Page 83
2.5 Multi-cell MIMO......Page 86
2.5.2 Multi-cell MIMO with base-station cooperation......Page 87
2.6 MIMO for ad hoc networks......Page 89
2.6.1 The relay channel......Page 90
2.6.2 The interference channel......Page 92
2.6.3 Cooperative communication......Page 93
Perfect CSIR and CDIT......Page 94
2.7 Summary......Page 95
References......Page 97
3 Precoding design......Page 108
3.1.1 The MIMO channel......Page 109
3.1.2 Methods of obtaining CSIT......Page 110
3.1.3 A dynamic CSIT model......Page 112
3.2.1 Value of CSIT in MIMO systems......Page 115
3.2.2 Optimal signaling with CSIT......Page 117
3.3.1 Encoding structure......Page 120
Space–time block codes......Page 121
3.3.2 Linear precoding structure......Page 122
3.4 Precoding design criteria......Page 123
3.4.2 Error exponent......Page 124
3.4.3 Pairwise error probability......Page 125
PEP per-distance criterion......Page 126
Average PEP criterion......Page 127
3.4.4 Detection mean-squared error......Page 128
3.5.1 Optimal precoder input-shaping matrix......Page 129
Optimal beam directions......Page 130
Optimal power allocation......Page 131
Optimal power allocation......Page 133
Group two......Page 134
Optimal power allocation......Page 135
Group two......Page 136
Group one precoder......Page 137
Group two precoder......Page 138
3.5.6 Discussion......Page 141
Specific simulation parameters......Page 142
Perfect CSIT......Page 143
Correlation CSIT......Page 144
Mean and correlation CSIT......Page 145
3.6.2 Discussion......Page 146
3.7.1 Channel acquisition methods......Page 147
Open-loop methods......Page 148
Overhead in MIMO CSIT acquisition......Page 149
3.7.3 The role of channel information at the receiver......Page 150
3.7.4 Precoding in emerging wireless standards......Page 151
3.8.3 Summary......Page 152
Appendix 3.1......Page 153
References......Page 155
4.1 Introduction......Page 160
4.2.1 Broadband wireless channel model......Page 161
4.2.2 Transmit diversity......Page 164
4.2.3 Diversity order......Page 165
4.2.4 Rate–diversity trade-off......Page 167
4.3 Space–time coding principles......Page 169
4.3.1 Space–time code design criteria......Page 170
4.3.2 Space–time trellis codes (STTC)......Page 171
4.3.3 Space–time block codes (STBC)......Page 173
4.3.4 A new non-linear maximum-diversity quaternionic code......Page 175
4.3.5 Diversity-embedded space–time codes......Page 176
Code example......Page 178
Non-linear diversity-embedded codes......Page 179
4.4.1 Signal processing......Page 181
Channel estimation for quasi-static channels......Page 182
Integration of equalization and decoding......Page 183
Adaptive techniques......Page 184
Non-coherent techniques......Page 186
4.4.2 Applications of diversity-embedded codes......Page 188
Multiple access: interference cancellation......Page 191
Integration of physical, link, and transport layers......Page 192
Network utility maximization (NUM)......Page 193
4.5 Discussion and future challenges......Page 194
4.6 Bibliographical notes......Page 196
Appendix 4.1 Algebraic structure: quadratic forms......Page 197
References......Page 200
5.2 Reception of uncoded signals......Page 206
5.2.1 Linear receivers......Page 207
5.2.3 Sphere detection......Page 208
5.3 Factor graphs and iterative processing......Page 210
5.3.1 Factor graphs......Page 211
The Iverson function......Page 212
Tanner graphs......Page 213
TWLK (Tanner–Wiberg–Loeliger–Koetter) graphs......Page 214
Factor graph of a dispersive channel......Page 215
Factor graph of a MIMO channel......Page 216
5.3.3 The sum–product algorithm......Page 217
A simple example......Page 218
5.3.4 Factor graph with cycles: iterative algorithms......Page 219
5.3.5 Factor graphs and receiver structures......Page 220
Decoding over a general channel......Page 221
5.4 MIMO receivers for uncoded signals......Page 222
Zero-forcing interface......Page 223
Linear MMSE interface......Page 224
Zero-forcing V-BLAST......Page 225
5.5 MIMO receivers for coded signals......Page 226
5.5.1 Iterative sum–product algorithm......Page 227
Message approximation: hard and soft decisions......Page 229
5.5.3 EXIT-charts......Page 230
EXIT-charts of decoders......Page 233
EXIT-charts of demappers......Page 235
Interference cancelers with linear filtering......Page 236
EXIT-chart convergence analysis......Page 238
An example......Page 239
5.5.4 Quasi-static channel......Page 240
5.6 Some iterative receivers......Page 243
5.6.1 MMSE+IC receiver......Page 244
5.6.3 Numerical results......Page 245
5.7 Bibliographical notes......Page 246
References......Page 247
6.1 Introduction......Page 250
6.2.1 Signal and channel models......Page 251
DS/CDMA signaling......Page 254
6.2.2 Canonical receiver structure......Page 255
6.2.3 Basic MUD algorithms......Page 257
Decorrelating (zero-forcing) receiver......Page 262
MMSE receiver......Page 263
6.2.4 Digital receiver implementation......Page 264
6.3 Iterative space–time multi-user detection......Page 265
6.3.2 Iterative linear space–time multi-user detection......Page 266
Cholesky iterative decorrelating decision-feedback ST MUD......Page 268
6.3.4 EM-based iterative space–time multi-user detection......Page 271
6.3.5 Simulation results......Page 273
6.4 Multi-user detection in space–time coded systems......Page 276
6.4.1 Signal model......Page 277
6.4.2 Joint ML multi-user detection and decoding for space–time coded multi-user systems......Page 278
Decorrelator-based partitioned space–time multi-user receiver......Page 282
Linear MMSE-based partitioned space–time multi-user receiver......Page 283
Iterative MUD with interference cancellation for space–time coded CDMA......Page 284
Iterative MUD with interference cancellation and instantaneous MMSE filtering for space–time coded multi-user systems......Page 286
6.4.4 Single-user soft-input soft-output space–time map decoder......Page 289
6.5.1 Diversity multi-user detection versus space–time multi-user detection......Page 291
Linear diversity multi-user detector......Page 292
Linear space–time multi-user detector......Page 294
Signal model......Page 295
Batch blind linear space–time multi-user detection......Page 298
Adaptive blind linear space–time multi-user detection......Page 299
Signal model......Page 302
Blind sequential Kalman channel estimation......Page 304
6.5.4 Simulation results......Page 306
6.6 Summary......Page 308
References......Page 309
Bibliography......Page 313
Index......Page 335