MIMO-OFDM for LTE, Wi-Fi and WiMAX

Contents......Page 9
About the Authors......Page 21
Other Wiley–IEEE Press Books on Related Topics......Page 23
Preface......Page 25
Acknowledgements......Page 29
List of Symbols......Page 31
1.1 OFDM History......Page 37
1.1.1.1 The Benefits of MIMOs......Page 38
1.1.1.2 MIMO-OFDM......Page 41
1.1.1.3 SDMA-based MIMO-OFDM Systems......Page 42
1.2 OFDM Schematic......Page 45
1.3 Channel Estimation for Multi-carrier Systems......Page 48
1.4 Channel Estimation for MIMO-OFDM......Page 51
1.5 Signal Detection in MIMO-OFDM Systems......Page 52
1.6 Iterative Signal Processing for SDM-OFDM......Page 57
1.7.1 Channel Statistics......Page 58
1.7.2 Realistic Channel Properties......Page 61
1.7.3 Baseline Scenario Characteristics......Page 62
1.7.4 MC Transceiver......Page 63
1.8.1 MIMO Channel Model......Page 65
1.8.2 Channel Capacity......Page 66
1.8.3 SDM-OFDM Transceiver Structure......Page 67
1.9 Novel Aspects and Outline of the Book......Page 69
1.10 Chapter Summary......Page 72
2.1 Wi-Fi......Page 73
2.2 3GPP LTE......Page 74
2.3 WiMAX Evolution......Page 75
2.3.1.2 Early 802.16 Standards......Page 77
2.3.1.3 WiMAX Forum......Page 82
2.3.2 Technical Aspects of WiMAX......Page 83
2.3.2.1 WiMAX-I: 802.16-2004 and 802.16e-2005......Page 84
2.3.2.2 WiMAX-II: 802.16m......Page 88
2.3.3 The Future of WiMAX......Page 94
2.4 Chapter Summary......Page 95
Part I Coherently Detected SDMA-OFDM Systems......Page 97
3.2 Space–Time Block Codes......Page 99
3.2.1 Alamouti’s G2 STBC......Page 100
3.2.2.3 Other STBCs......Page 102
3.2.3.1 Maximum Likelihood Decoding......Page 103
3.2.3.2 Maximum-A-Posteriori Decoding......Page 104
3.2.5 Simulation Results......Page 106
3.2.5.1 Performance over Uncorrelated Rayleigh Fading Channels......Page 107
3.2.5.2 Performance over Correlated Rayleigh Fading Channel......Page 109
3.3 Channel-Coded STBCs......Page 111
3.3.1 STBCs with LDPC Channel Codes......Page 112
3.3.1.1 System Overview......Page 113
3.3.1.2 Simulation Results......Page 114
3.3.1.3 Complexity Issues......Page 122
3.3.2 LDPC-Aided and TC-Aided STBCs......Page 126
3.3.2.2 Complexity Issues......Page 127
3.3.2.3 Simulation Results......Page 128
3.3.2.4 Conclusions......Page 129
3.4.1 CM-Assisted STBCs......Page 131
3.4.1.2 Inter-symbol Interference and OFDM Basics......Page 132
3.4.1.3 System Overview......Page 133
3.4.1.4 Simulation Results......Page 136
3.4.1.5 Conclusions......Page 138
3.4.2 CM-Aided and LDPC-Aided STBC-OFDM Schemes......Page 139
3.4.2.1 System Overview......Page 140
3.4.2.2 Simulation Results......Page 141
3.5 Chapter Summary......Page 142
4.1 Introduction......Page 145
4.2.1 SDMA MIMO Channel Model......Page 146
4.2.2.1 MMSE MUD......Page 147
4.2.2.2 Subcarrier-Based WHTS......Page 148
4.3 Simulation Results......Page 149
4.3.1 MMSE-SDMA-OFDM Using WHTS......Page 150
4.3.2.1 Performance over the SWATM Channel......Page 151
4.3.2.2 Performance over the COST207 HT Channel......Page 155
4.3.2.3 Effects of the WHT Block Size......Page 168
4.3.2.4 Effects of the Doppler Frequency......Page 169
4.4 Chapter Summary......Page 171
5.1 Introduction......Page 175
5.2.1 System Overview......Page 176
5.2.2.1 Optimization Metric for the GA MUD......Page 177
5.2.2.2 Concatenated MMSE-GA MUD......Page 178
5.2.3 Simulation Results......Page 180
5.2.4 Complexity Analysis......Page 182
5.2.5 Conclusions......Page 183
5.3.1.1 Conventional Uniform Mutation......Page 184
5.3.1.2 Biased Q-function-Based Mutation......Page 185
5.3.1.3 Simulation Results......Page 189
5.3.2.1 MMSE-Initialized Iterative GA MUD......Page 191
5.3.2.2 Simulation Results......Page 192
5.3.3 Complexity Analysis......Page 201
5.4 Chapter Summary......Page 204
6.1 Conventional SDMA-OFDM Systems......Page 207
6.2 Introduction to Hybrid SDMA-OFDM......Page 208
6.3 Subband Hopping Versus Subcarrier Hopping......Page 209
6.4.1 System Overview......Page 211
6.4.1.1 Transmitter Structure......Page 212
6.4.2 Subcarrier-Hopping Strategy Design......Page 214
6.4.2.2 Uniform SSCH......Page 216
6.4.3 DSS Despreading and SSCH Demapping......Page 220
6.4.4 MUD......Page 222
6.5 Simulation Results......Page 224
6.5.1 MMSE-Aided Versus MMSE-IGA-Aided DSS/SSCH SDMA-OFDM......Page 226
6.5.2.1 Moderately Overloaded Scenarios......Page 227
6.5.2.2 Highly Overloaded Scenarios......Page 228
6.5.3 Performance Enhancements by Increasing Receiver Diversity......Page 230
6.6 Complexity Issues......Page 232
6.8 Chapter Summary......Page 233
7.1 Pilot-Assisted Channel Estimation......Page 237
7.2 Decision-Directed Channel Estimation......Page 238
7.3.1 Least-Squares CTF Estimator......Page 239
7.3.2 MMSE CTF Estimator......Page 240
7.4.1 MMSE SS-CIR Estimator......Page 242
7.4.2 Reduced-Complexity SS-CIR Estimator......Page 243
7.4.4 MMSE FS-CIR Estimator......Page 246
7.4.5 Performance Analysis......Page 247
7.4.5.1 RC-MMSE SS-CIR Estimator Performance......Page 249
7.4.5.2 Fractionally Spaced CIR Estimator Performance......Page 250
7.5.1 Projection Approximation Subspace Tracking......Page 252
7.5.3 PASTD-Aided FS-CIR Estimation......Page 256
7.6 Time-Domain A Priori CIR Tap Prediction......Page 259
7.6.1 MMSE Predictor......Page 260
7.6.2 Robust Predictor......Page 261
7.6.3 MMSE Versus Robust Predictor Performance Comparison......Page 262
7.6.4 Adaptive RLS Predictor......Page 263
7.6.5 Robust Versus Adaptive Predictor Performance Comparison......Page 265
7.7 PASTD-Aided DDCE......Page 266
7.8.1.1 LMS MIMO-CTF Estimator......Page 269
7.8.1.3 Soft-Feedback-Aided RLS MIMO-CTF Estimator......Page 272
7.8.1.4 Modified RLS MIMO-CTF Estimator......Page 273
7.8.1.5 MIMO-CTF Estimator Performance Analysis......Page 274
7.8.2.1 PASTD-Aided MIMO-DDCE Performance Analysis......Page 276
7.9 Chapter Summary......Page 281
8.1 Introduction......Page 283
8.2 System Overview......Page 285
8.3 GA-Assisted Iterative Joint Channel Estimation and MUD......Page 286
8.3.1 Pilot-Aided Initial Channel Estimation......Page 288
8.3.2 Generating Initial Symbol Estimates......Page 289
8.3.3.2 Initialization......Page 291
8.3.3.3 Joint Genetic Optimization......Page 292
8.3.3.4 Generating the GA’s Soft Outputs......Page 294
8.4 Simulation Results......Page 295
8.4.1 Effects of the Maximum Mutation Step Size......Page 296
8.4.2 Effects of the Doppler Frequency......Page 298
8.4.5 Joint Optimization Versus Separate Optimization......Page 299
8.4.7 MIMO Robustness......Page 301
8.6 Chapter Summary......Page 304
Part II Coherent versus Non-coherent and Cooperative OFDM Systems......Page 307
List of Symbols in Part II......Page 309
9.1.1 System Model......Page 311
9.1.2 Maximum Likelihood Detection......Page 312
9.2.1 Transformation of the ML Metric......Page 314
9.2.2 Depth-First Tree Search......Page 315
9.2.3 Breadth-First Tree Search......Page 319
9.2.4.2 GSD Using a Modified Grammian Matrix......Page 320
9.2.5 Simulation Results......Page 321
9.3.1.1 ISR Selection Optimization......Page 325
9.3.1.2 Optimal Detection Ordering......Page 326
9.3.1.3 Search Algorithm Optimization......Page 327
9.3.2.1 Optimal Detection Ordering......Page 330
9.3.2.2 Search-Radius-Aided K-Best SD......Page 331
9.3.2.3 Complexity-Reduction Parameter delta for Low SNRs......Page 332
9.3.3.1 Hierarchical Search Structure......Page 333
9.3.3.2 Optimization Strategies for the OHRSA Versus Complexity-Reduction Techniques for the Depth-First SD......Page 335
9.4.1 Full-Rank Systems......Page 337
9.4.2 Rank-Deficient Systems......Page 338
9.5 Chapter Conclusions......Page 339
10.1.1.1 System Model......Page 343
10.1.1.2 MAP Bit Detection......Page 344
10.1.2 Chapter Contributions and Outline......Page 346
10.2.1.1 List Generation and Extrinsic LLR Calculation......Page 347
10.2.1.2 Computational Complexity of LSDs......Page 348
10.2.1.3 Simulation Results and 2D EXIT-Chart Analysis......Page 349
10.2.2 Centre-Shifting Theory for SDs......Page 352
10.2.3 Centre-Shifting K-Best SD-Aided Iterative Receiver Architectures......Page 354
10.2.3.1 Direct Hard-Decision Centre-Update-Based Two-Stage Iterative Architecture......Page 355
10.2.3.2 Two-Stage Iterative Architecture Using a Direct Soft-Decision Centre Update......Page 360
10.2.3.3 Two-Stage Iterative Architecture Using an Iterative SIC-MMSE-Aided Centre Update......Page 364
10.3.1 Principle of the ALT-Aided Detector......Page 370
10.3.2.1 BER Performance Gain......Page 371
10.3.2.2 Computational Complexity......Page 372
10.3.2.3 Choice of LLR Threshold......Page 374
10.3.2.4 Non-Gaussian-Distributed LLRs Caused by the ALT Scheme......Page 375
10.3.3.1 Comparison of the Centre-Shifting and the ALT Schemes......Page 377
10.3.3.2 ALT-Assisted Centre-Shifting Hybrid SD......Page 378
10.4.1 URC-Aided Three-Stage Iterative Receiver......Page 379
10.4.2 Performance of the Three-Stage Receiver Employing the Centre-Shifting SD......Page 384
10.4.3 Irregular Convolutional Codes for Three-Stage Iterative Receivers......Page 385
10.5 Chapter Conclusions......Page 389
11.1.1 System Model......Page 393
11.1.2 Chapter Contributions and Outline......Page 395
11.2.1.1 STBC Encoding......Page 396
11.2.1.2 Equivalent STBC Channel Matrix......Page 397
11.2.1.3 STBC Diversity Combining and Maximum Likelihood Detection......Page 398
11.2.2.1 Joint Orthogonal Space–Time Signal Design for Two Antennas Using SP......Page 400
11.2.3 System Model for STBC-SP-Aided MU-MIMO Systems......Page 403
11.3 Sphere Detection Design for SP Modulation......Page 405
11.3.2.1 Transformation of the ML Metric......Page 406
11.3.2.3 User-Based Tree Search......Page 407
11.3.3 Simulation Results and Discussion......Page 410
11.4 Chapter Conclusions......Page 412
12.1 Introduction......Page 415
12.1.1.1 Conventional Differential Signalling and Detection......Page 416
12.1.1.3 Effects of Frequency-Selective Channels on Differential Detection......Page 418
12.1.2 Chapter Contributions and Outline......Page 419
12.2.1 ML Metric for MSDD......Page 421
12.2.2 Metric Transformation......Page 422
12.2.4.1 Time-Differential-Encoded OFDM System......Page 423
12.3.1 System Model......Page 426
12.3.2.1 Signal Combining at the Destination for DAF Relaying......Page 429
12.3.2.2 Signal Combining at Destination for DDF Relaying......Page 430
12.3.2.3 Simulation Results......Page 431
12.3.3 Multi-path MSDSD Design for Cooperative Communication......Page 434
12.3.3.1 Derivation of the Metric for Optimum Detection......Page 435
12.3.3.2 Transformation of the ML Metric......Page 442
12.3.3.4 Multi-dimensional Tree-Search-Aided MSDSD Algorithm......Page 444
12.3.4.1 Performance of the MSDSD-Aided DAF-User-Cooperation System......Page 445
12.3.4.2 Performance of the MSDSD-Aided DDF User-Cooperation System......Page 448
12.4 Chapter Conclusions......Page 452
13.1.1 Chapter Contributions and Outline......Page 455
13.1.2 System Model......Page 456
13.2.1.1 Performance Analysis......Page 457
13.2.1.2 Simulation Results and Discussion......Page 462
13.2.2.1 Performance Analysis......Page 465
13.2.2.2 Simulation Results and Discussion......Page 467
13.3 CUS for the Uplink......Page 468
13.3.1.1 APC for DAF-Aided Systems......Page 469
13.3.1.2 CUS Scheme for DAF-Aided Systems......Page 471
13.3.1.3 Simulation Results and Discussion......Page 473
13.3.2 CUS Scheme for DDF Systems with APC......Page 479
13.3.2.1 Simulation Results and Discussion......Page 480
13.4 Joint CPS and CUS for the Differential Cooperative Cellular UL Using APC......Page 485
13.4.1.2 Effect of the Packet Length......Page 486
13.4.1.3 Cooperative Resource Allocation......Page 487
13.4.2 Joint CPS and CUS Scheme for the Cellular UL Using APC......Page 488
13.5 Chapter Conclusions......Page 492
14.1 Introduction......Page 495
14.1.1.1 System Model......Page 496
14.1.1.2 Channel Model......Page 497
14.1.2 Chapter Contributions and Outline......Page 498
14.2 Channel Capacity of Non-coherent Detectors......Page 499
14.3 SISO MSDSD......Page 501
14.3.1 Soft-Input Processing......Page 502
14.3.2 Soft-Output Generation......Page 505
14.3.3 Maximum Achievable Rate Versus the Capacity: An EXIT-Chart Perspective......Page 506
14.4.1.1 Perfect-SR-Link DCMC Capacity......Page 508
14.4.1.2 Imperfect-SR-Link DCMC Capacity......Page 511
14.4.2 Ir-DHCD Encoding/Decoding for the Cooperative Cellular Uplink......Page 513
14.4.3 Approaching the Cooperative System’s Capacity......Page 515
14.4.3.1 Reduced-Complexity Near-Capacity Design at Relay MS......Page 516
14.4.3.2 Reduced-Complexity Near-Capacity Design at Destination BS......Page 518
14.4.4 Simulation Results and Discussion......Page 522
14.5 Chapter Conclusions......Page 523
Part III Coherent SDM-OFDM Systems......Page 527
List of Symbols in Part III......Page 529
15.1 SDM/V-BLAST OFDM Architecture......Page 531
15.2 Linear Detection Methods......Page 532
15.2.1 MMSE Detection......Page 533
15.2.1.1 Generation of Soft-Bit Information for Turbo Decoding......Page 534
15.2.1.2 Performance Analysis of the Linear SDM Detector......Page 535
15.3.1 ML Detection......Page 537
15.3.1.2 Performance Analysis of the ML SDM Detector......Page 539
15.3.2 SIC Detection......Page 540
15.3.2.1 Performance Analysis of the SIC SDM Detector......Page 542
15.3.3 GA-Aided MMSE Detection......Page 543
15.3.3.1 Performance Analysis of the GA-MMSE SDM Detector......Page 544
15.4 Performance Enhancement Using Space–Frequency Interleaving......Page 545
15.4.1.1 Performance Analysis of the SFI-SDM-OFDM......Page 546
15.5 Performance Comparison and Discussion......Page 547
15.6 Conclusions......Page 548
16.1 OHRSA-Aided SDM Detection......Page 551
16.1.1 OHRSA-Aided ML SDM Detection......Page 552
16.1.1.1 Search Strategy......Page 554
16.1.1.2 Generalization of the OHRSA-ML SDM Detector......Page 558
16.1.2 Bit-wise OHRSA-ML SDM Detection......Page 560
16.1.2.1 Generalization of the BW-OHRSA-ML SDM Detector......Page 564
16.1.3 OHRSA-Aided Log-MAP SDM Detection......Page 565
16.1.4 Soft-Input, Soft-Output Max-Log-MAP SDM Detection......Page 573
16.1.5 SOPHIE-Aided Approximate Log-MAP SDM Detection......Page 574
16.1.5.1 SOPHIE Algorithm Complexity Analysis......Page 577
16.1.5.2 SOPHIE Algorithm Performance Analysis......Page 579
17.1 Iterative Signal Processing......Page 585
17.2 Turbo Forward Error-Correction Coding......Page 586
17.3 Iterative Detection – Decoding......Page 588
17.4 Iterative Channel Estimation – Detection and Decoding......Page 590
17.4.1 Mitigation of Error Propagation......Page 592
17.4.2.2 Pilot Overhead......Page 593
17.4.2.4 Performance of a Rank-Deficient MIMO System......Page 595
17.5 Chapter Summary......Page 596
18.1.2 Channel-Coded STBC-OFDM Systems......Page 599
18.1.3 Coded-Modulation-Assisted Multi-user SDMA-OFDM Using Frequency-Domain Spreading......Page 600
18.1.4 Hybrid Multi-user Detection for SDMA-OFDM Systems......Page 601
18.1.5 DSS and SSCH-Aided Multi-user SDMA-OFDM Systems......Page 603
18.1.6 Channel Estimation for OFDM and MC-CDMA......Page 605
18.1.7 Joint Channel Estimation and MUD for SDMA-OFDM......Page 606
18.1.8.1 Exploitation of the LLRs Delivered by the Channel Decoder......Page 608
18.1.9 Transmit Diversity Schemes Employing SDs......Page 613
18.1.9.2 Spatial Diversity Schemes Using SDs......Page 614
18.1.10.1 Resource-Optimized Hybrid Cooperative System Design......Page 615
18.1.10.2 Near-Capacity Cooperative and Non-cooperative System Designs......Page 617
18.1.12 Iterative Channel Estimation and Multi-stream Detection in SDM-OFDM Systems......Page 621
18.1.13 Approximate Log-MAP SDM-OFDM Multi-stream Detection......Page 622
18.2.1 Optimization of the GA MUD Configuration......Page 623
18.2.2 Enhanced FD-CHTF Estimation......Page 624
18.2.3 Radial-Basis-Function-Assisted OFDM......Page 625
18.2.4 Non-coherent Multiple-Symbol Detection in Cooperative OFDM Systems......Page 626
18.2.5 Semi-Analytical Wireless System Model......Page 628
A.1 A Brief Introduction to Genetic Algorithms......Page 633
A.2 Normalization of the Mutation-Induced Transition Probability......Page 637
Glossary......Page 639
Bibliography......Page 647
Subject Index......Page 677
Author Index......Page 683