Military Laser Technology and Systems

Intro --
Military Laser Technology and Systems --
Contents --
Preface --
Part I Fundamentals --
Chapter 1 Military Laser Technology and Systems --
Chapter 2 Laser Action, Components and Definition of Terms --
Chapter 3 Laser Devices for Military Applications --
Chapter 4 Beam-Director Technology --
Chapter 5 Laser-Beam Propagation --
Chapter 6 Radiometry, Testing and Evaluation of Laser Systems --
Part II Military Systems --
Chapter 7 Laser Directed-Energy-Weapon Systems --
Chapter 8 Laser-Based Electro-Optical Countermeasures --
Chapter 9 Laser Directed-Infrared Countermeasures (Laser Jammers) --
Chapter 10 Laser Range Finders --
Chapter 11 Laser-Based Targeting --
Chapter 12 Laser Designation, Guidance and Fuzing --
Chapter 13 Laser-Based Remote Sensing --
Chapter 14 Free-Space Optical Communication Networks --
Chapter 15 Navigation Sensors --
Chapter 16 Other Emerging Military Applications --
Part III Safe Use, Education, and Training --
Chapter 17 Safe Use of Lasers and Legislation --
Chapter 18 Education and Training --
Appendix A The Development of Infrared Threat-Seeker Technology --
Appendix B Jammer Development --
Appendix C Missile-Warning System Technology --
Appendix D Rules of Thumb and Guidelines --
Acronyms --
Glossary --
About the Author --
Index --
1.1 
Introduction --
1.2 
Laser Development --
1.3 
Laser Systems Development --
1.4 
Aim of the Book --
References --
Selected Bibliography --
2.1 
Introduction --
2.2 
Laser Classification --
2.3 
Laser Action and Stimulated Emission --
2.4 
Oscillators and Amplifiers --
2.5 
Beam Generation and Its Control --
2.6 
Other Laser Components --
2.7 
Direct and Indirect Wavelength Generation --
2.8 
Performance Characteristic Terms and Parameters --
2.9 
Summary --
Selected Bibliography --
3.1 
Introduction --
3.2 
Military Laser-System Considerations. 3.3 
Laser-System Specifications and Requirements Definition --
3.4 
Solid-State Lasers --
3.5 
Fibre Lasers --
3.6 
Disk Lasers --
3.7 
Vibronic Lasers --
3.8 
Liquid-Phase Lasers --
3.9 
Gas-Phase Lasers --
3.10 
Semiconductor Lasers --
3.11 
Free-Electron Laser --
3.12 
Cryogenic Lasers --
3.13 
Cannon Lasers --
3.14 
Super-Continuum Lasers --
3.15 
Waveguide Lasers --
3.16 
Laser Performance Summary --
3.17 
Summary --
Selected Bibliography --
4.1 
Introduction --
4.2 
Design Considerations for Beam Directors --
4.3 
Generic Beam-Director/Pointer System for Directed-Energy Systems --
4.4 
Threat-Alerting System --
4.5 
Target-Tracking Subsystem --
4.6 
Pointing Element --
4.7 
Target Sight-Line Stabilisation --
4.8 
System Processor --
4.9 
Other Functions --
4.10 
Video Processor --
4.11 
Power Supply --
4.12 
Environmental Cover --
4.13 
Laser-Integration Requirements --
4.14 
Generic Beam-Director System for Laser-Based Sensing Systems --
4.15 
Advanced Beam-Steering Techniques --
4.16 
Summary --
Selected Bibliography --
5.1 
Introduction --
5.2 
The Earth's Atmosphere --
5.4 
Atmospheric Transmission --
5.5 
Models for Prediction of Transmission --
5.6 
Turbulence --
5.7 
Thermal Blooming --
5.8 
Ionisation --
5.9 
Nonlinear Propagation (Filaments) --
5.10 
Beam Propagation Through Wakes and Plumes --
5.11 
Aero-Optical Effects --
Selected Bibliography --
6.1 
Introduction --
6.2 
Radiometry --
6.3 
System Considerations for Testing and Evaluation --
6.4 
Approaches to Testing and Evaluation --
6.5 
Summary --
Selected Bibliography --
7.1 
Introduction --
7.2 
Historical Development --
7.3 
Military Utility --
7.4 
Summary of Potential Applications --
7.5 
Benefits of Laser Technology for Novel Systems --
7.6 
Laser-Beam Target-Interaction Effects --
7.7 
In-Band Damage Route --
7.8 
Out-of-Band Damage Route --
7.10 
Basic Laser-Requirement Characteristics of In-Band Novel Weapon Systems. 7.11 
Basic Laser Characteristics for Out-of-Band Laser-Weapon Systems --
7.12 
Summary of Laser Requirements for Laser-Weapon Systems --
7.13 
Target Engagement --
7.14 
Laser-Weapon Subsystem Definition and Operation --
7.15 
Beam Control --
7.16 
Potential Laser Technology for an In-Band Novel Weapon System --
7.18 
Tactical High-Power Laser-Weapon Mass and Volume Estimates --
7.19 
Tactical Laser-Weapon-System Considerations --
7.20 
Beam-Director Technology --
7.22 
System Processor --
7.24 
Concept of Operation --
7.26 
Myths --
7.27 
Summary --
Selected Bibliography --
8.1 
Introduction --
8.2 
Military Utility --
8.3 
System Operation --
8.4 
Defeat Mechanism --
8.5 
Pros and Cons of Laser-Based Dazzle Systems --
8.6 
System-Configuration Options --
8.7 
Subsystem Description and Functions --
8.8 
Target Cue --
8.10 
Summary of Laser-Source Requirements --
8.11 
Beam Director --
8.14 
Target Tracking and Stabilisation --
8.15 
Future Requirements --
8.16 
Summary --
Selected Bibliography --
9.1 
Introduction --
9.2 
Military Utility --
9.4 
Open- and Closed-Loop Infrared-Countermeasure Systems --
9.6 
Summary --
Selected Bibliography --
10.1 
Introduction --
10.2 
Historical Development --
10.3 
Military Utility --
10.4 
System Operation --
10.5 
Laser-Performance Requirements --
10.6 
Subsystem Description and Function --
10.8 
Future Requirements --
10.9 
Summary --
Selected Bibliography --
11.1 
Introduction --
11.2 
Laser Targeting: Burst Illumination/Active Imaging --
11.3 
Active Spectral Imaging --
Selected Bibliography --
12.1 
Introduction --
12.2 
Laser Designation --
12.3 
Laser Beam-Rider Guidance --
12.4 
Laser Fuzing --
Selected Bibliography --
13.1 
Introduction --
13.2 
Introduction to Laser-Radar Systems --
13.3 
Historical Development --
13.4 
Military Utility --
13.5 
Basic Operation of a Laser-Radar System --
13.6 
Laser-Radar Subsystem Components. 13.7 
A Simple (Flash) Laser-Radar System --
13.8 
Dimensions of Laser-Radar Systems --
13.9 
Automatic Target Recognition --
13.10 
Laser-Radar Seeker --
13.11 
Bathymetry and Topographical Mapping --
13.12 
Obstacle Avoidance --
13.13 
Vibrometry --
13.14 
Acousto-Optic Mine Detection --
13.15 
Remote Detection of Hazardous Substances --
13.16 
Evolving Remote-Detection Techniques --
13.17 
Noncooperative Identification or Identification Friend or Foe --
13.19 
Summary --
Selected Bibliography --
14.1 
Introduction --
14.2 
Basic Principles of Communications --
14.3 
Free-Space Laser-Based Communications --
14.4 
Short-Range Optical Communication System --
14.5 
Retro-Reflective Optical Communications --
14.6 
Quantum Cryptography --
14.7 
Summary --
Selected Bibliography --
15.1 
Introduction --
15.2 
Historical Development --
15.3 
Military Utility --
15.4 
Fundamental Principles --
15.5 
Ring-Laser Gyroscope --
15.6 
Fibre-Optic Gyroscope --
15.7 
Integrated Fibre-Optic Gyroscope --
15.8 
Other Optical Sensors --
15.9 
Applications --
15.10 
Summary --
Selected Bibliography --
16.1 
Laser Decoys --
16.2 
Direct-Fire Simulation --
16.3 
Search and Rescue --
16.4 
Illumination Aid --
16.7 
Laser Propulsion --
16.8 
Optical Air-Data Systems --
16.9 
Guided Bullets --
16.10 
Mine Detection --
16.11 
Laser Hydrophone --
16.12 
Summary of Novel Applications --
17.1 
Introduction --
17.2 
Effective Laser Safety --
17.3 
Hazard Classification of Lasers --
17.4 
Maximum Permissible Exposure --
17.5 
Laser-Safety Officer --
17.6 
Visiting/Host Nation Interactions --
17.7 
Potential Hazards to Personnel --
17.8 
Hazards to Skin --
17.9 
Other Potential Hazards Presented by Lasers (Nonbeam Hazards) --
17.10 
Summary of Potential Hazards Presented by High-Power Laser Beams --
17.11 
Common Causes of Laser Incidents --
17.12 
Laser-Safety Training --
17.13 
Laser Safety in Practice --
17.14 
Laboratory Testing. 17.15 
Safe-Operating Guidelines/Procedures --
17.16 
Field Testing and Trial Planning --
17.17 
Planning of Trials --
17.18 
Range Laser-Safety Officer --
17.19 
Range-Safety Officer --
17.20 
Flight Trials --
17.21 
Some Additional Safety Thoughts --
17.22 
Summary --
Selected Bibliography --
18.1 
Introduction --
18.2 
Doctrine and Concepts --
18.3 
Training --
18.4 
Synthetic Environments --
18.5 
Role of Education --
18.6 
Training Design --
18.7 
Equipment Training --
18.8 
Simulated Training --
18.9 
Laser-Safety Training --
18.10 
Equipment for Training --
18.11 
Summary --
Selected Bibliography --
A.1 
Introduction --
A.2 
Generic Optical Seeker --
A.3 
Target-Tracking Techniques --
A.4 
Impact of Seeker-Technology Developments --
A.6 
Summary --
B.1 
Introduction --
B.2 
Development of Jammer Techniques --
B.3 
Incoherent Sources for Infrared Jamming --
B.4 
Coherent Sources for Infrared Jamming --
B.5 
Summary --
C.1 
Introduction --
C.2 
Ultraviolet Missile-Warning System --
C.3 
Infrared Missile-Warning System --
C.4 
Two-Colour Missile-Warning Systems --
C.5 
Summary --
D.1 
Laser-Directed Energy-Applications --
D.2 Lasers, Optics and Testing --
D.3 
Scattering and Propagation --
D.4 
Systems --
D.5 
Pointing and Tracking --
Selected Bibliography --
1.5.1 
Part I: Lasers and Fundamentals --
1.5.3 
Part III: Safe Use, Education, and Training --
2.3.1 
Gain Medium, Pumping and Population Inversion --
2.3.2 
Laser Transitions --
2.3.3 
Laser Modes --
2.3.4 
Near- and Far-Field Beam Profiles --
2.5.1 
Q-Switching --
2.5.2 
Cavity Dumping --
2.5.4 
Gain Switching --
2.6.1 
Mirrors --
2.6.3 
Windows --
2.7.1 
Optical Parametric Processes --
2.7.2 
Optical Parametric Oscillators --
2.7.3 
Phase Matching --
2.7.4 
Quasi Phase Matching --
2.7.5 
Harmonic Generation --
2.7.6 
Raman Conversion --
2.7.7 
Sum and Difference Frequency Mixing --
2.8.1 
Beam Quality and Divergence --
2.8.2 
Power. 2.8.5 
Time to Full Brightness.