Migration and Remittances: Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union

Contents......Page 7
Foreword......Page 13
Acknowledgments......Page 17
Abbreviations and Glossary......Page 19
Overview......Page 21
Nature and Evolution of Migration, 1990–2006......Page 23
1 Remittances as a Portion of GDP in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, 2004......Page 26
Determinants of Migration......Page 28
Regulatory Framework for International Labor Migration......Page 33
The Report in Perspective......Page 39
1. Overview of Migration Trends in Europe and Central Asia, 1990–2004......Page 43
Problems with Measuring Migration in ECA......Page 46
Migration and Population Change......Page 50
Major Migration Flows in the ECA Region......Page 52
1.6 Largest Migration Flows Involving a Western ECA Country, 2000–03......Page 57
Transit and Undocumented Migration in the ECA Region......Page 61
Major Migration Partners of the ECA Countries......Page 66
1.13 Poland: Net Migration by Country, 1992–2003......Page 70
2. Migrants’ Remittances......Page 77
2.1 Leading 20 Remittance-Receiving Countries in the World......Page 78
2.3 Growth Rate of Remittances in ECA: 1995–98, 2001–04......Page 80
2.4 Remittances as a Share of Exports in 2003......Page 83
3. Determinants of Migration......Page 95
Incentives for Migration: A Theoretical Perspective......Page 97
Incentives for Migration: Empirical Evidence from Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union......Page 99
Incentives for Migration: Lessons from Southern European Countries and Ireland......Page 106
Simulating the Determinants of Migration......Page 112
4. International Regulatory Framework......Page 117
Current Regime......Page 118
A Proposal for an Alternative Framework......Page 127
1.1 Survey Methodology......Page 133
1.2 Migration Statistics......Page 135
2.1 Remittance Data......Page 145
2.2 Estimations of the Impact of International Remittances on Macroeconomic Growth......Page 147
3.1 Estimating the Determinants of Migration in ECA......Page 159
3.2 Computable General Equilibrium Model of Migration......Page 167
4.1 The Impact of Migrants and the Receiving Society: Integration Policies......Page 177
4.2 Transitional Arrangement for the Free Movement of Workers from the New Member States......Page 183
4.3 Undocumented Immigration and Vulnerabilities......Page 187
4.4 Incentives for Criminality in Migration......Page 193
4.5 Migrants, Their Families, and Communities "Left Behind"......Page 197
4.6 Brain Drain in the ECA Region......Page 201
Bibliography......Page 211
Index......Page 227
1 Possible Costs and Externalities of Illegal Immigration......Page 36
2 Methodology......Page 40
2.1 Estimating the Impact of Remittances on Macroeconomic Growth......Page 88
3.1 Estimating the Determinants of Migration in ECA......Page 103
3.2 Irish Migration Dynamics......Page 109
3.3 Portuguese Migration Dynamics......Page 110
4.1 Possible Costs and Externalities of Illegal Immigration......Page 126
4.2 Social Externalities Generated by Migration......Page 128
2 Percent Distribution of Remittances and Population by Location in 2002......Page 29
3 Disparities in GDP per Capita in the CEE-CIS States, 1990–2002......Page 30
4 Postwar Emigration from Southern Europe, 1960–88......Page 32
5 Migrants' Preferences for Short versus Long-Term Migration......Page 38
1.1 Transition of the Migration System in the Europe and Central Asia Region......Page 44
1.2 Migration in Top 10 Sending and Receiving Countries and by Region, 2003......Page 45
1.3 Natural Increase (Decrease) and Net Migration in the ECA Region, 2000–03......Page 51
1.4 Net Migration in Western ECA and the CIS......Page 53
1.5 Largest Migration Flows Involving a CIS Country, 2000–03......Page 56
1.7 Main Displaced Populations from the Former Yugoslavia, December 1995......Page 58
1.9 Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons in the ECA Region, 1989–2003......Page 59
1.10 Largest Numbers of Refugees, IDPs, and Others of Concern in the ECA Region, 2004......Page 60
1.11 Russia, Net Migration by Country, 1989–2003......Page 67
1.12 Major Migration Partners of the CIS Countries......Page 68
1.14 Major Migration Partners of Selected Western ECA Countries......Page 71
1.15 Population Size of Western Europe, Western ECA, and Turkey, 1950 to 2050......Page 72
1.16 Population Size of the Northern and Southern FSU States, 1950 to 2050......Page 74
1.17 Russia: Net Migration and Natural Increase, 1980–2015......Page 75
2.2 Remittances as a Portion of GDP in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, 2004......Page 79
2.5 Expenditure Patterns from Remittances in Six ECA Countries......Page 84
2.6 Remittances as Share of Total Household Expenditure in 2004......Page 85
2.7 Distribution of Remittances by Location in 2002......Page 90
2.8 Distribution of Population by Location in 2002......Page 91
3.1 Nationality Composition of Migration to Russia, 1989 to 2003......Page 100
3.2 Disparities in GDP per Capita in the CEE-CIS States, 1990–2002......Page 101
3.4 Net Migration in Selected Emigration Countries in ECA, 1989–2003......Page 105
3.5 Postwar Emigration in Southern Europe, 1960–88......Page 107
3.6 Percentage Decrease in Total Migration Flows into the EU Owing to Improvements in Quality of Life......Page 113
3.7 Percentage Increase in Migration Outflows from EU-15 to ECA Countries Owing to Improvement in Quality of Life in ECA......Page 114
4.1 Migrants’ Preferences for Short-versus Long-Term Migration......Page 130
4.2 Percentage Decrease in Illegal Migration into the EU Owing to Increase in Penalty for Hiring Illegally......Page 131
1.1 Population by Place of Birth in the USSR, 1989......Page 49
1.2c Percent of Total Immigration......Page 55
1.3 Estimated Irregular Migrants......Page 65
2.1 Remittance Flows by Subregion, 2003......Page 81
2.2 Annual Consumption and Remittances per Capita by Quintile......Page 92
3.1 Motivations for Migration......Page 98
4.1 Regional Composition of Bilateral Agreements......Page 120
4.2 Geographical Distribution of Bilateral Migration Agreements between CEEC and EU-15......Page 121
4.3 Bilateral Migration Agreements between the EU and CEECs by Country and Type......Page 122
4.4 Number of Registered Foreigners and Estimated Number of Aliens Living Irregularly in Some CIS Countries, 2000......Page 124