Microwave Scattering and Emission Models for Users (Artech House Remote Sensing)

Microwave Scattering and Emission Models for Users......Page 2
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 13
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 17
1.2 ORGANIZATION......Page 19
1.3 MODEL DEFINITIONS FOR ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENSING......Page 22
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 25
2.1.1 Shadowing Considerations......Page 27
2.2 ISOTROPIC EXPONENTIAL CORRELATION WITH A GAUSSIANHEIGHT DISTRIBUTION......Page 29
2.2.1 Theoretical Trends for the Exponential Correlation......Page 30
2.2.2 Comparison with Measurements......Page 34
2.3.1 Theoretical Trends for the Gaussian Correlation......Page 36
2.3.2 Comparison with Measurements......Page 41
2.4 ISOTROPIC X-POWER CORRELATION WITH A GAUSSIAN HEIGHT DISTRIBUTION......Page 42
2.4.1 Theoretical Trends for the x-Power Correlation......Page 43
2.4.2 Comparison with Measurements......Page 49
2.5 ISOTROPIC X-EXPONENTIAL CORRELATION WITH A GAUSSIAN HEIGHT DISTRIBUTION......Page 50
2.5.1 Theoretical Trends for the x-Exponential Correlation......Page 51
2.5.2 Comparison with Measurements......Page 54
2.6 ISOTROPIC EXPONENTIAL-LIKE CORRELATION WITH AGAUSSIAN HEIGHT DISTRIBUTION......Page 56
2.6.1 Theoretical Trends for the Exponential-Like Correlation......Page 58
2.6.2 Comparison with Measurements......Page 59
2.7 DISCUSSION......Page 60
References......Page 61
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 63
3.1.1 The Simplified IEM Model......Page 64
3.1.2 Computer Program Organization......Page 68
3.2 ISOTROPIC EXPONENTIAL CORRELATION......Page 69
3.2.1 Theoretical Trends in Like Polarized Scattering with Exponential Correlation......Page 70
3.2.2 Theoretical Trends in Cross-Polarized Scattering with ExponentialCorrelation......Page 76
3.2.3 Comparison with Measurements......Page 78
3.3.1 Theoretical Trends in Like Polarized Scattering with Gaussian Correlation......Page 87
3.3.2 Theoretical Trends in Cross-Polarized Scattering with Gaussian Correlation......Page 93
3.3.3 Comparison with Measurements and Simulations......Page 96
3.4.1 Theoretical Trends in Like Polarized Scattering with x-PowerCorrelation......Page 108
3.4.2 Theoretical Trends in Cross-Polarized Scattering with x-Power Correlation......Page 117
3.4.3 Comparison with Measurements and Simulations......Page 120
3.5.1 Theoretical Trends in Like Polarized Scattering with x-ExponentialCorrelation......Page 133
3.5.2 Comparison with Measurements......Page 144
3.6 ISOTROPIC EXPONENTIAL-LIKE CORRELATION......Page 148
3.6.1 A Comparison of Spectral Contents......Page 150
3.6.2 Theoretical Trends in Like Polarized Scattering with Exponential-LikeCorrelation......Page 153
3.6.3 Comparison with Measurements and Simulations......Page 161
References......Page 175
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 177
4.2 ISOTROPIC EXPONENTIAL CORRELATION......Page 182
4.2.1 Theoretical Trends for Like Polarization with Exponential Correlation......Page 183
4.2.2 Comparison with Measurements......Page 192
4.3 ISOTROPIC GAUSSIAN CORRELATION......Page 198
4.3.1 Theoretical Trends for Like Polarization with Gaussian Correlation......Page 199
4.3.2 Comparison with Measurements and Simulations......Page 204
4.4 ISOTROPIC X-POWER CORRELATION......Page 217
4.4.1 Theoretical Trends for Like Polarization with x-Power Correlation......Page 218
4.4.2 Comparison with Measurements and Simulations......Page 226
4.5.1 Theoretical Trends for x-Exponential Correlation......Page 239
4.5.2 Comparison with Measurements......Page 249
4.6 ISOTROPIC EXPONENTIAL-LIKE CORRELATION......Page 252
4.6.1 A Comparison of Spectral Contents......Page 255
4.6.2 Theoretical Trends for Exponential-Like Correlation......Page 257
4.6.3 Comparison with Measurements and Simulations......Page 265
4.7.1 Shadowing Effect......Page 274
4.7.2 Effect of rms Height......Page 276
4.7.3 Effect of Correlation Length......Page 277
4.7.4 Effect of Dielectric Constant......Page 278
4.8 DISCUSSION......Page 280
References......Page 281
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 283
5.2 BACKSCATTERING FROM MULTISCALE ROUGH SURFACES......Page 284
5.2.1 Two-Scale Gaussian-Distributed, Gaussian-Correlated Random Surface......Page 285
5.2.2 Three-Scale Gaussian-Distributed, Gaussian-Correlated RandomSurface......Page 292
5.2.3 Conclusions on Multiscale Surface......Page 298
5.3.1 Anisotropic Exponential Correlation......Page 299
5.3.2 Anisotropic Gaussian Correlation......Page 304
5.3.3 An Anisotropic p-Exponential Correlation......Page 310
5.4 DISCUSSION......Page 312
References......Page 313
6.2 THE BISTATIC SCATTERING COEFFICIENTS......Page 315
6.3.1 Theoretical Behaviors......Page 318
6.3.2 Comparisons with the Simplified IEM Model......Page 328
6.4.1 Surface Slope Effects......Page 336
6.4.2 Coherent Contribution in Azimuthal Scattering......Page 341
6.4.3 High-Frequency Effects on Modeling......Page 342
6.5 DISCUSSION......Page 344
References......Page 346
7.2 GENERATION OF DIGITAL SURFACES......Page 347
7.2.1 Surface with an Analytic Correlation Function......Page 348
7.2.2 Surface with a Digital Correlation Function......Page 349
7.3.1 Moment Method Formulation for Dielectric Surfaces......Page 350
7.4.1 Effective Window Width Relative to the Gaussian Window......Page 359
7.4.3 Patch Size......Page 361
7.5.1 Conversion of a Two-Dimensional Simulation to Three Dimensions......Page 364
7.5.2 Comparisons with Measurements......Page 365
7.6 DISCUSSION......Page 372
References......Page 373
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 375
8.2 GEOMETRY OF THE SCATTERING PROBLEM......Page 376
8.3 RAYLEIGH LAYER PARAMETERS......Page 378
8.4.1 Effects of the Albedo......Page 379
8.4.2 Effects of Optical Depth and Surface Scattering......Page 380
8.5.1 Comparisons with Alfalfa......Page 383
8.5.2 Comparisons with Corn......Page 384
8.5.3 Comparisons with Soybeans......Page 386
8.5.4 Comparisons with Cypress......Page 388
8.5.5 Comparisons with Snow......Page 389
References......Page 392
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 393
9.3.1 Effects of Surface Height Variations......Page 394
9.3.2 Effects of Different Correlation Lengths......Page 397
9.3.3 Effects of Surface Dielectric Constant......Page 398
9.3.4 Frequency Dependence......Page 399
9.4.2 Emission from Saline Ice......Page 401
9.5 RAYLEIGH LAYER OVER A ROUGH SURFACE......Page 403
9.5.1 Parameter Effects of a Rayleigh Layer Model......Page 405
9.5.2 Comparisons with Measurements......Page 414
9.6 EMISSION FROM A RAYLEIGH LAYER—NUMERICAL SOLUTION......Page 422
9.6.1 Solution of Radiative Transfer Equation......Page 424
9.6.2 Comparisons with Measurements......Page 427
References......Page 439
About the Authors......Page 441