Microwave Engineering: Land & Space Radiocommunications (Wiley Survival Guides in Engineering and Science)

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 10
Foreword......Page 20
Preface......Page 24
Acknowledgments......Page 28
1.1.1 Equation of Wave or Propagation......Page 30
1.1.2 Wave Velocity......Page 32
1.1.3 Power Flux Density......Page 33
1.1.5 Wave Polarization......Page 34
1.2.1 Expression of Directivity and Gain......Page 38
1.2.2 Radiation Pattern......Page 41
1.2.3 Near Field and Far Field......Page 44
1.2.5 Skin Effect......Page 46
1.3.1 Expression of Gain and Beamwidth......Page 47
1.3.2 Reference Radiation Patterns......Page 49
1.3.3 Characteristics of Polarization......Page 52
1.4.1 Attenuation of Propagation......Page 54
1.4.2 Electromagnetic Field Strength......Page 55
1.5.1 Reflector in Far Field......Page 57
1.5.2 Passive Repeater in Far Field......Page 62
1.5.3 Reflector in Near Field (Periscope)......Page 64
1.6.1 Spherical Diffraction......Page 66
1.6.2 Fresnel’s Ellipsoid......Page 67
1.7.1 General Laws......Page 68
1.7.2 Divergence Factor......Page 71
1.7.4 Factor of Limitation of Reflection Zone......Page 74
1.8.2 Vertical Gradient of Refractive Index......Page 76
1.8.3 Curvature of Radioelectric Rays......Page 88
1.8.4 Effective Earth Radius......Page 89
1.8.5 Variation of Launch and Arrival Angles of Rays......Page 92
1.8.6 Positive Minimal Value of Effective Earth-radius Factor......Page 94
1.8.7.1 Conditions of Appearance......Page 96
1.8.7.2 Trajectories of Rays in Radio Duct......Page 98
1.9 Propagation by Diffraction......Page 99
1.9.1 Diffraction over Smooth Spherical Earth......Page 101
1.9.2 Diffraction over Single-Knife-Edge Obstacle......Page 105
1.9.3 Diffraction over Single Rounded Obstacle......Page 106
1.9.4 Diffraction over Double Isolated Edges......Page 107
1.9.5 Diffraction Loss General Curves......Page 109
1.10 Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases......Page 110
1.10.1 Specific Attenuation......Page 111
1.10.2 Terrestrial Paths......Page 112
1.10.3 Slant Paths......Page 113
1.11 Attenuation and Depolarization by Hydrometeors......Page 114
1.11.1 Rain Attenuation......Page 116
1.11.1.1 Terrestrial Paths......Page 119
1.11.1.2 Earth–Space Paths......Page 120
1.11.1.3 Site Diversity (Rayleigh’s Equations for Correlation between Random Variables)......Page 123
1.11.2.1 Polarization of Electromagnetic Wave......Page 128
1.11.2.2 Cross-Polarization Effects......Page 129
1.12 Influence of Ionosphere......Page 132
1.12.1 Scintillation......Page 133
1.12.2 Faraday’s Rotation......Page 134
1.13.1 Origin of Thermal Radiation......Page 135
1.13.2 Propagation of Thermal Radiation......Page 136
1.13.3 BlackBody......Page 137
1.13.4 Gray Body......Page 139
1.14.2 Gauss’s Law of Distribution......Page 141
1.14.3 Rayleigh’s Law of Distribution......Page 143
1.14.4 Other Laws of Distribution......Page 145
2.1 Signal Processing......Page 148
2.1.1.2 Line Codes......Page 149
2.1.1.3 High-Order Digital Multiplexing......Page 151
2.1.2.1 Usual Modulation Types......Page 152
2.1.2.3 Power Spectral Density and Transmitted Spectrum......Page 154
2.2.2 Thermal Noise Voltage......Page 157
2.2.3 Analogy between Thermal Radiation and Thermal Noise......Page 158
2.2.5 Noise Figure......Page 160
2.2.6 Equivalent Noise Temperature......Page 162
2.2.7 Radiated Noise......Page 164
2.2.8.1 Effect of External Noise......Page 165
2.2.8.2 Sources of Noise Temperature......Page 167
2.3.1 Noise in Digital Communication Systems......Page 169
2.3.1.3 Detection of Binary Signals in Presence of AWGN......Page 170
2.3.1.4 Error Probability of Binary Detection......Page 171
2.3.1.5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio......Page 172
2.3.1.7 Error Probability for Modulated Signal......Page 173
2.3.1.8 General Characteristics of Signal......Page 175
2.3.1.10 Coding for Error Detection and Correction......Page 177
2.3.2.1 Intermodulation......Page 181
2.3.3.1 Effect Due to Jamming......Page 189
2.3.3.2 Calculation of Level of Jamming......Page 193
2.3.4.1 Reflection on Ground......Page 195
2.3.4.2 Multiple Reflections......Page 203
2.3.4.3 Standing Wave......Page 205
2.3.5 Jitter, Wander, Phase Transients and Network Synchronization......Page 209
2.3.5.4 Network Synchronization Engineering......Page 210
3.1.2 Establishment of Radio Link Path Profile......Page 212
3.1.2.1 Determination of Azimuth and Distance......Page 213
3.1.2.2 Data Necessary for Establishment of Path Profile......Page 214
3.2.1 Layout of Path Profile......Page 215
3.2.2 Clearance Criteria......Page 216
3.2.3 Regression Line and Terrain Roughness......Page 217
3.2.7 Reception in Space and/or Frequency Diversity......Page 218
3.2.8 Example of Line-of-Sight Radio Link......Page 220
3.2.9.1 Case of Terrestrial Link in Desert Climate......Page 230
3.2.9.2 Case of Long-Haul Link over Sea in Temperate Climate......Page 237
3.2.10 Antenna Discrimination......Page 241
3.2.11.2 Prepointing in Azimuth......Page 243
3.2.11.3 Final Pointing......Page 244
3.2.11.4 Effect of Misalignment......Page 246
3.3.1 Introduction......Page 247
3.3.2.1 Recommendations ITU-T G.821 and Associated ITU-R......Page 248
3.3.2.2 Recommendations ITU-T G.826 and ITU-T G.827......Page 251
3.3.2.3 Recommendation ITU-T G.828......Page 255
3.3.3.1 Median Received Power and Thermal Noise Margin......Page 256
3.3.3.2 Receiver Thermal Threshold......Page 257
3.4.1 Recommendation ITU-R P.530-8......Page 258
3.4.1.1 Geoclimatic Factor......Page 259
3.4.1.2 Path Inclination and Elevation Angle......Page 260
3.4.1.4 Method for Various Percentages of Time......Page 261
3.4.1.5 Prediction of Nonselective and Selective Outages......Page 262
3.4.1.6 Prediction Method for Enhancement......Page 263
3.4.1.7 Conversion from Average Worst Month to Average Annual Distributions......Page 264
3.4.1.8 Prediction of Outage in Unprotected Digital Systems......Page 266
3.4.1.9 Prediction of Outage in Digital Systems Using Diversity Techniques......Page 271
3.4.1.10 Prediction of Total Outage Probability......Page 282
3.4.2 Effect Due to Obstacle......Page 286
3.4.4.1 Multipath Occurrence Factor......Page 289
3.4.4.4 Optimum Choice of Antenna Heights......Page 296
3.5.1 Calculation of Jamming Level......Page 298
3.5.1.1 Factor of Reduction of Interference by Antennas in Far Field......Page 299
3.5.1.2 Factor of Reduction of Interference by Antennas in Near Field......Page 300
3.5.2 Measurement of Jamming Level and Consecutive Degraded Threshold......Page 301
3.6.1 “Back-to-Back” Process......Page 302
3.6.2 “Front-to-Front” Process......Page 303
3.6.3.1 Test Link Characteristics......Page 304
3.6.3.2 Interpretation of Recordings......Page 306
3.6.3.3 Proposed Model When Using the Interferometric Method......Page 307
3.7 Comparison between Various Diversity Techniques......Page 308
3.8 Availability of Microwave Line-of-Sight Systems......Page 311
3.8.2 Availability of Microwave Terminal......Page 312
3.8.3.1 Operational Availability Related to Equipment......Page 315
3.8.3.2 Operational Availability Related to Propagation......Page 318
4.1.1 Introduction......Page 320
4.1.2 Establishment of Path Profile of Troposcatter Link......Page 321
4.2 Method of Prediction......Page 322
4.2.1.1 Effective Antenna Heights......Page 323
4.2.1.3 Angular Distance and Elevation Angles to Radio Horizon Points......Page 324
4.2.1.4 Attenuation Function......Page 327
4.2.1.6 Frequency Gain Function......Page 329
4.2.2 Median Long-Term Transmission Loss Variation......Page 332
4.2.2.1 Median Long-Term Transmission Loss......Page 333
4.2.2.2 Transmission Loss Not Exceeded for p% of Time......Page 336
4.2.2.3 Estimation of Prediction Error......Page 340
4.2.2.4 Service Probability......Page 347
4.3 Link Budget......Page 350
4.3.1 Multipath Coupling Loss......Page 351
4.3.2 Influence of Transverse Directivity......Page 352
4.3.2.1 Manual Process for Pointing Antennas......Page 358
4.3.2.2 Automatic Process for Pointing Antennas......Page 360
4.3.4 Reception in Diversity......Page 363
4.3.4.1 Space Diversity......Page 365
4.3.4.4 Angle Diversity......Page 366
4.3.5 Link Availability......Page 368
4.3.6 Coherence Bandwidth of Troposcatter Channel......Page 369
4.3.6.1 Model of Sunde......Page 370
4.3.6.3 Model of Collin......Page 371
4.3.7 Combination of Diffraction and Troposcatter Transmission Losses......Page 372
4.3.8 Influence of Reflection on Ground......Page 373
4.4.1 Knife-Edge Diffraction Path......Page 375
4.4.2 Rounded-Edge Diffraction Path......Page 379
4.4.3 Double-Diffraction Path......Page 381
4.4.4 Troposcatter Link on Smooth Spherical Earth......Page 384
4.4.5 Combined Troposcatter and Diffraction Link......Page 387
4.4.6 Angle and Frequency Diversity Troposcatter Link......Page 393
4.4.7 Digital Adaptive Modem......Page 400
4.5 Other Models of Prediction......Page 401
4.5.1 Method I of ITU-R......Page 402
4.5.2 Method II of ITU-R......Page 404
4.5.3 Method III of ITU-R......Page 407
4.6 Total Availability of Troposcatter Links......Page 412
4.6.1 Physical Principles of Propagation in Troposcatter Mode......Page 413
4.6.2 Model of Calculation of Operational Availability......Page 414
5.1.2.1 Kepler’s Laws......Page 420
5.1.2.3 Determination of Orbits......Page 421
5.1.3 Types of Satellite Systems......Page 422
5.1.3.1 Geometry of Low and Medium Circular Orbits......Page 423
5.1.3.2 Geometry of Connection Using Geostationary Satellite......Page 425
5.2.1 General Characteritics of Repeater......Page 431
5.2.1.2 Frequency Bandwidth......Page 432
5.2.1.4 Power Amplifier......Page 433
5.2.2 General Characteristics of Earth Station......Page 434
5.2.2.2 Noise Temperature of Receiving Antenna......Page 435
5.3.1 Downlink Path......Page 437
5.3.2 Resource Allocation by Repeater......Page 438
5.3.3 Uplink Path......Page 439
5.3.4 Total Carrier-to-Noise Ratio......Page 440
5.3.7 Optimum Size for Receiving Antenna......Page 441
5.3.9 Performance Objectives of Connection......Page 442
5.3.10.2 Time-Division Multiple Access......Page 443
5.3.10.3 Code-Division Multiple Access......Page 444
5.3.11 Doppler–Fizeau Effect......Page 445
5.4.1.1 Atmospheric Attenuation......Page 447
5.4.1.4 Effects Due to Tropospheric Scintillation and Multipath......Page 448
5.4.1.6 External Noise Sources......Page 449
5.4.3 Example of Link Budget......Page 453
References......Page 454
Index......Page 456