Microwave Dielectric Behavior of Wet Soils

CONTENTS......Page 9
Preface......Page 6
List of Symbols......Page 7
Introduction......Page 14
Drainage......Page 15
Soil Texture Classes......Page 16
Inorganic Constituents in Soils......Page 18
Soil Organic Composition......Page 19
Pore Space......Page 20
Thermal Infrared Surface Temperatures......Page 21
Soil Water Characteristics......Page 22
Parameters Related to Soil Moisture Retention Under Field Conditions......Page 23
Computations of Soil Parameters......Page 25
Moist (Single-phase) Soils......Page 26
Surface Roughness......Page 27
Roughness Estimation......Page 28
Penetration Depth......Page 29
Equivalent Soil Moisture......Page 31
Emissivity of a Soil Layer......Page 32
Microwave Emission Model......Page 33
Soil Moisture......Page 35
Soil Moisture Parameters......Page 37
Thermal Infrared Method......Page 39
Microwaves......Page 40
Dielectric Behavior of Wet Soils......Page 41
Bound Water Layer......Page 42
Soil Textural Composition......Page 46
Salinity Dependence......Page 48
Temperature Dependence......Page 50
Dielectric Behavior of Swelling Clay Soils......Page 51
Microwave Response to Soil Moisture......Page 54
Importance of Microwaves in Soil Moisture Content......Page 55
Free Space Transmission Technique......Page 56
Cavity Perturbation Method......Page 57
The Two Point Method......Page 58
Network Analyzer in Reflection Measurements: Theoretical background......Page 59
Reflection Techniques in Coaxial Lines/Waveguides......Page 61
Single-Horn Reflectometry Method: Theory and Description......Page 62
Height Adjusting Setup Description......Page 63
Limitations......Page 64
The Coaxial Cable Method......Page 65
Precautions......Page 67
Microstrip Ring Resonator......Page 68
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)......Page 69
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)......Page 72
Measurements......Page 73
Lysimeter......Page 75
Comparison of Various Techniques......Page 76
Conclusions......Page 78
Introduction......Page 79
Basis of Microwave Remote Sensing......Page 80
Passive Microwave Remote Sensing......Page 82
Microwave Radiometers......Page 83
Scatterometers......Page 87
S- and L-Band Microwave Radiometer (SLMR) System......Page 88
Theoretical Basis......Page 90
Applications of Scatterometric Studies......Page 92
Frequency......Page 94
Polarization......Page 95
Effect of Roughness and Soil Texture......Page 96
Effect of Vegetation......Page 97
Canopy Attenuation......Page 99
Fresnel Model......Page 100
Active and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing: Comparison and a Relation......Page 101
Prediction of e Using Calibration Procedures......Page 105
Data Obtained Using Network Analyzer Technique......Page 106
General Observations......Page 110
Frequency......Page 111
Finger Printing of Soil Texture with Moisture......Page 112
Bound Water Problem in Relation to Experimental Data......Page 116
Wang and Schmugge Model......Page 120
Dielectric Mixing Models of Soil......Page 121
Semi-Empirical Model......Page 122
Other Models......Page 124
Status of the Available Mixing Models......Page 126
The Effective Permittivity (ε[sub(eff)])......Page 127
Rayleigh Mixing Formula......Page 128
The Effect of υ......Page 129
Comparison with Other Mixing Models......Page 130
Formulae with υ = 2......Page 131
Calculations......Page 132
Conclusion......Page 133
Introduction......Page 138
Antennas in a Linear Array......Page 139
Doppler Effect......Page 140
Synthetic Array Approach......Page 141
Theoretical Background......Page 142
Experimental Description......Page 144
ESTAR......Page 146
Hydrostar......Page 148
Analysis of SAR Data......Page 149
8. Conclusion and Future Challenges in Remote Sensing......Page 152
Passive Remote Sensing......Page 153
Future Trends......Page 154
Water Quality Assessment......Page 158
References......Page 160
M......Page 176
W......Page 177