Microwave Active Devices and Circuits for Communication

Foreword......Page 3
Preface......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
1.1 Microwave Communications......Page 13
1.2 Microwave Active Circuits......Page 17
1.3 Microwave Active Devices......Page 20
1.4 Microwave Circuit Analysis and Measurements......Page 21
1.5 Book Outline......Page 22
References......Page 23
2.2 Basics of P-I-N Diode......Page 24
2.3 P-I-N Diode Characteristics......Page 25
2.4 Nonlinearity of P-I-N Diode......Page 30
2.5 Temperature Behaviour of P-I-N Diode......Page 31
2.6 Temperature-Invariant RF Resistance of P-I-N Diode......Page 33
References......Page 41
3.2 Basics of Schottky Diode......Page 43
3.3 Schottky Diode Characteristics......Page 46
3.4 Temperature Behaviour of Schottky Diodes......Page 49
3.5 Temperature Invariant RF Resistance......Page 51
References......Page 55
4.2 Step Recovery Diode......Page 56
4.2.1 Characteristic of SRD......Page 58
4.3 Tunnel Diodes......Page 60
4.3.1 Characteristic of Tunnel Diode......Page 61
4.4 Backward Diode......Page 63
4.5 Varactor Diode......Page 65
References......Page 66
5.1 Introduction......Page 68
5.2 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)......Page 69
5.2.1 Frequency Limitation of BJT......Page 74
5.2.2 Temperature Behaviour of BJT......Page 78
5.3 Hetero-junction Bipolar Transistor (HBT)......Page 79
5.3.1 SiGe HBT......Page 82
5.3.3 GaN HBT......Page 83
References......Page 85
6.1 Introduction......Page 87
6.2 Metal–Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors......Page 89
6.3 Hetero-Structure Field Effect Transistors (HFETs)......Page 93
6.3.1 High-Electron-Mobility Transistors (HEMTs)......Page 95
6.3.2 Pseudo-morphic HEMTs (pHEMTs)......Page 98
6.4 Microwave GaN HEMTs......Page 100
6.5 Equivalent Circuit of Microwave FETs......Page 102
6.5.1 Transconductance Gain (gm)......Page 103
6.5.2 Output Conductance (1/rds)......Page 105
6.5.3 Gate–Source and Gate–Drain Capacitances (Cgs and Cgd)......Page 107
6.5.4 Charging Resistance (Ri)......Page 109
6.6 Maximum Frequency of Operation......Page 115
References......Page 116
7.1 Introduction......Page 119
7.2 Transmission Line Theory and Analysis......Page 120
7.3.1 Losses in Transmission Lines......Page 128
7.3.2 Coaxial Transmission Lines......Page 131
7.3.3 Waveguides......Page 135
7.3.4 Cut-Off Frequency and Guide Wavelength......Page 141
7.3.5 Planar Transmission Lines......Page 147
7.4 Transmission Line Elements......Page 155
7.5 Smith Chart Analysis......Page 157
7.6 Network Theory of Circuits and Transmission Lines......Page 166
7.6.1 S-Parameter Network Representation......Page 167
7.6.2 S-Parameters for Matched Reciprocal Lossless Networks......Page 173
7.6.3 ABCD Parameter for Network Representation......Page 182
7.6.4 Conversion in Between ABCD and S-Parameters......Page 185
7.7.1 Power Transfer from Source to a Load......Page 187
7.7.2 Power Transfer to and from a 2-Port Network......Page 189
References......Page 205
8.1 Introduction......Page 206
8.2 Switch Circuits Based on P-I-N Diode......Page 207
8.3 Series Switch Configuration......Page 209
8.4 Shunt Switch Configuration......Page 213
8.5.1 Series–Shunt Configuration......Page 216
8.5.2 TEE Configuration......Page 220
8.6 Compound Switch Analysis Using ABCD Parameter......Page 224
8.7 Switch Circuits Based on FETs......Page 226
8.8 Applications of RF/Microwave Switches......Page 228
References......Page 240
9.1 Introduction......Page 242
9.2 Diode-Based Attenuator Circuits......Page 243
9.3 Series- or Shunt-Connected Element......Page 244
9.4 Multiple Shunt-Connected Element......Page 247
9.5 Matched Attenuator Circuits......Page 250
9.5.1 TEE Attenuator......Page 251
9.5.2 π Attenuator......Page 255
9.5.3 Quadrature Hybrid Matched Attenuator......Page 258
9.6 Driver Circuit for P-I-N Diode Attenuators......Page 262
9.7 Effect of Nonideal Components in Driver Circuits......Page 266
9.8 Experimental Determination of VOPTM......Page 269
9.9 FET-Based Attenuators......Page 270
References......Page 284
10.2 Phase Shift and Time Delay......Page 286
10.3 Types of Phase Shifter......Page 288
10.4.1 Switched Transmission Line Phase Shifter......Page 290
10.4.2 Varactor Diode-Based Analog Phase Shifters......Page 292
10.4.3 Four-Quadrant Continuously Variable Phase Shifter......Page 294
10.4.4 Four-Quadrant Digital Phase Shifter......Page 299
10.5 Applications of RF/Microwave Phase Shifter......Page 300
References......Page 301
11.1 Introduction......Page 302
11.2 Amplitude Modulators......Page 303
11.3.1 Bi-Phase Modulators......Page 305
11.3.2 Bi-Phase-Balanced Modulators......Page 307
11.4 I–Q Vector Modulators......Page 309
11.6 QAM Modulators......Page 312
References......Page 313
12.1 Introduction......Page 314
12.2 Different Configurations......Page 315
12.3 Equalizer with Adjustable Amplitude Slope......Page 318
12.4 Equalizer with Adjustable Parabolic Gain Slope for Broadband MPM......Page 322
12.5 Equalizer with Adjustable Positive Gain Slopes for Solid-State Circuits......Page 323
12.7 Versatile Equalizer with Variable Gain Slope and Insertion Loss......Page 325
References......Page 338
13.1 Introduction......Page 339
13.2 Microwave Power......Page 340
13.3 Diode Detectors......Page 346
13.4 RMS Power (Average) Detector......Page 352
13.6 Applications......Page 353
References......Page 354
14.1 Introduction......Page 355
14.2 Types of Microwave Amplifiers......Page 357
14.2.1 Dynamic Range of Amplifier......Page 359
14.2.2 Spurious-Free Dynamic Range......Page 364
14.3 Stability of Microwave Amplifier......Page 369
14.4 Single-Stage Amplifier Design......Page 382
14.4.1 Amplifiers Using Unconditionally Stable Device......Page 383
14.4.2 Amplifier Using Conditionally Stable Device......Page 386
14.5.1 Amplifier with Specific Transducer Power Gain......Page 388
14.5.2 Amplifier with Specific Available Power Gain......Page 392
14.5.3 Amplifier with Specific Operating Power Gain......Page 400
14.6.1 Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) Design......Page 406
14.6.2 High-Gain Amplifier Design......Page 417
14.7 Large Signal Amplifiers......Page 426
14.7.1 Linear Power Amplifier......Page 430
14.7.2 Load-Pull Characterization Technique......Page 440
14.7.3 Amplifiers with Reduced Conduction Angle......Page 441
14.7.4 Nonlinear Power Amplifiers......Page 451
14.7.5 Class-F Power Amplifier......Page 457
14.8 FETs Output Power Capability......Page 465
14.8.1 Microwave Power Combing Techniques......Page 469
14.8.2 In-Phase Power Combiners......Page 470
14.8.3 Balanced Power Combining......Page 475
References......Page 482
15.1 Introduction......Page 485
15.2 Limiter Characteristics......Page 486
15.3 P-I-N Diode Limiters......Page 488
15.4 Schottky Diode Limiters......Page 493
15.5 Amplifier-Based Limiter......Page 498
15.6 Closed-Loop Limiter......Page 500
15.6.1 Temperature Behaviour of OLC System......Page 501
15.6.2 Temperature Compensation of OLC System......Page 502
15.7 Applications......Page 503
15.7.1 OLC for Out-of-Band Carrier Mitigation in Filters......Page 504
References......Page 505
16.1 Introduction......Page 506
16.2 Types of Distortion and Amplifier Nonlinearity......Page 507
16.3.1 Feedback Linearizers......Page 509
16.3.2 Feedforward Linearizers......Page 510
16.3.3 Predistortion Linearizers......Page 511
16.4 Implementation of Predistortion Linearizers......Page 512
16.4.1 Schottky Diode Predistortion Linearizers......Page 513
16.4.2 Linearizer with Vector Modulator Configuration......Page 518
16.4.3 Temperature Behaviour of Diode Linearizer......Page 522
16.4.4 Broadband Linearizers......Page 525
16.5 Digital Predistortion Linearizers......Page 528
References......Page 530
17.1 Introduction......Page 532
17.2 Principle of Multiplier Operation......Page 533
17.3.1 Schottky Diode Frequency Multiplier......Page 538
17.3.2 Varactor Diode Frequency Multiplier......Page 540
17.3.3 SRD Frequency Multiplier......Page 542
17.4 Transistor Multiplier......Page 545
17.5 Realization of FET Multipliers......Page 553
17.6 Balanced Frequency Multipliers......Page 555
17.6.1 Balanced Frequency Multipliers Using Diodes......Page 556
17.6.2 Balanced Frequency Multiplier Using Transistors......Page 557
References......Page 558
18.2 Working Principle of Frequency Mixers......Page 560
18.2.1 Image Frequency in Mixer......Page 563
18.2.2 Conversion Loss of Frequency Mixer......Page 565
18.2.3 Noise Performance of Frequency Mixer......Page 567
18.3 Single-Ended Mixers......Page 570
18.4.1 Single-Balanced Mixers......Page 575
18.4.2 Double-Balanced Mixers......Page 579
18.4.3 Image Rejection Mixers......Page 580
18.5 Subharmonic Mixers......Page 581
References......Page 585
19.1 Introduction......Page 587
19.2 Mobile Communication Systems......Page 588
19.2.1 Receiver Architecture for Mobile Communication......Page 589
19.2.2 Transmitter Architecture for Mobile Communication......Page 592
19.2.3 Transceiver for Mobile Communication......Page 593
19.3 Satellite Communication Systems......Page 597
19.4 Receiver......Page 610
19.4.1 Local Oscillator......Page 614
19.5.1 Driver Amplifier (DA)......Page 616
19.5.2 Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier (TWTA)......Page 620
19.5.3 Solid-State Power Amplifier (SSPA)......Page 622
19.6 Linearizer......Page 624
19.7 Microwave Power Module (MPM)......Page 626
19.8 Multiport Amplifier (MPA)......Page 627
References......Page 649
20.1 Multiple Choice Questions......Page 651
20.2 Answers of MCQs with Explanations......Page 682
Index......Page 693