Microstrip filters for RF microwave applications

Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
1. Introduction......Page 16
2.1 Network Variables......Page 22
2.2 Scattering Parameters......Page 23
2.4 Open-Circuit Impedance Parameters......Page 26
2.6 Transmission Line Networks......Page 27
2.7 Network Connections......Page 29
2.8 Network Parameter Conversions......Page 32
2.9 Symmetrical Network Analysis......Page 33
2.10 Multi-Port Networks......Page 36
2.11 Equivalent and Dual Networks......Page 39
2.12 Multi-Mode Networks......Page 41
References......Page 43
3.1.1 General Definitions......Page 44
3.1.2 The Poles and Zeros on the Complex Plane......Page 45
3.1.3 Butterworth (Maximally Flat) Response......Page 46
3.1.4 Chebyshev Response......Page 47
3.1.5 Elliptic Function Response......Page 49
3.1.6 Gaussian (Maximally Flat Group-Delay) Response......Page 51
3.1.7 All-Pass Response......Page 52
3.2 Lowpass Prototype Filters and Elements......Page 53
3.2.2 Chebyshev Lowpass Prototype Filters......Page 56
3.2.3 Elliptic Function Lowpass Prototype Filters......Page 59
3.2.4 Gaussian Lowpass Prototype Filters......Page 61
3.2.5 All-Pass Lowpass Prototype Filters......Page 62
3.3 Frequency and Element Transformations......Page 63
3.3.1 Lowpass Transformation......Page 64
3.3.3 Bandpass Transformation......Page 66
3.3.4 Bandstop Transformation......Page 68
3.4.1 Definition of Immittance, Impedance and Admittance Inverters......Page 69
3.4.2 Filters with Immittance Inverters......Page 71
3.4.3 Practical Realization of Immittance Inverters......Page 75
3.5.1 Richards’ Transformation......Page 76
3.5.3 Coupled-Line Equivalent Circuits......Page 81
3.6 Dissipation and Unloaded Quality Factor......Page 84
3.6.1 Unloaded Quality Factors of Lossy Reactive Elements......Page 85
3.6.2 Dissipation Effects on Lowpass and Highpass Filters......Page 86
3.6.3 Dissipation Effects on Bandpass and Bandstop Filters......Page 88
References......Page 90
4.1.2 Waves in Microstrip......Page 92
4.1.4 Effective Dielectric Constant and Characteristic Impedance......Page 93
4.1.6 Synthesis of W/h......Page 95
4.1.7 Effect of Strip Thickness......Page 96
4.1.8 Dispersion in Microstrip......Page 97
4.1.9 Microstrip Losses......Page 98
4.2 Coupled Lines......Page 99
4.2.1 Even- and Odd-Mode Capacitances......Page 100
4.2.3 More Accurate Design Equations......Page 102
4.3.1 Microstrip Discontinuities......Page 104
4.3.2 Microstrip Components......Page 108
4.3.3 Loss Considerations for Microstrip Resonators......Page 117
4.4 Other Types of Microstrip Lines......Page 119
References......Page 121
5.1.1 Stepped-Impedance L-C Ladder Type Lowpass Filters......Page 124
5.1.2 L-C Ladder Type of Lowpass Filters using Open-Circuited Stubs......Page 127
5.1.3 Semilumped Lowpass Filters Having Finite-Frequency Attenuation Poles......Page 131
5.2.1 End-Coupled, Half-Wavelength Resonator Filters......Page 136
5.2.2 Parallel-Coupled, Half-Wavelength Resonator Filters......Page 142
5.2.3 Hairpin-Line Bandpass Filters......Page 144
5.2.4 Interdigital Bandpass Filters......Page 148
5.2.5 Combline Filters......Page 157
5.2.6 Pseudocombline Filters......Page 163
5.2.7 Stub Bandpass Filters......Page 166
References......Page 173
6.1.1 Quasilumped Highpass Filters......Page 176
6.1.2 Optimum Distributed Highpass Filters......Page 180
6.2.1 Narrow-Band Bandstop Filters......Page 183
6.2.2 Bandstop Filters with Open-Circuited Stubs......Page 191
6.2.3 Optimum Bandstop Filters......Page 197
6.2.4 Bandstop Filters for RF Chokes......Page 203
References......Page 205
7.1.1 Superconducting Materials......Page 206
7.1.2 Complex Conductivity of Superconductors......Page 207
7.1.3 Penetration Depth of Superconductors......Page 208
7.1.4 Surface Impedance of Superconductors......Page 209
7.1.5 Nonlinearity of Superconductors......Page 212
7.1.6 Substrates for Superconductors......Page 214
7.1.7 HTS Microstrip Filters......Page 215
7.1.8 High-Power HTS Filters......Page 216
7.2 Ferroelectric Tunable Filters......Page 219
7.2.1 Ferroelectric Materials......Page 220
7.2.2 Dielectric Properties......Page 221
7.2.3 Tunable Microstrip Filters......Page 223
7.3.2 Micromachined Microstrip Filters......Page 226
7.4.1 MMIC Technology......Page 230
7.4.2 MMIC Microstrip Filters......Page 231
7.5.1 Active Filter Methodologies......Page 232
7.5.2 Active Microstrip Filters......Page 234
7.6.1 PBG Structures......Page 236
7.6.2 PBG Microstrip Filters......Page 237
7.7.1 LTCC Technology......Page 239
7.7.2 Miniaturized LTCC Filters......Page 240
References......Page 242
8. Coupled Resonator Circuits......Page 250
8.1.1 Loop Equation Formulation......Page 251
8.1.2 Node Equation Formulation......Page 255
8.1.3 General Coupling Matrix......Page 258
8.2 General Theory of Couplings......Page 259
8.2.1 Synchronously Tuned Coupled-Resonator Circuits......Page 260
8.2.2 Asynchronously Tuned Coupled-Resonator Circuits......Page 266
8.3 General Formulation for Extracting Coupling Coefficient k......Page 272
8.4 Formulation for Extracting External Quality Factor Q(e)......Page 273
8.4.1 Singly Loaded Resonator......Page 274
8.4.2 Doubly Loaded Resonator......Page 277
8.5 Numerical Examples......Page 279
8.5.1 Extracting k (Synchronous Tuning)......Page 280
8.5.2 Extracting k (Asynchronous Tuning)......Page 282
8.5.3 Extracting Q(e)......Page 285
References......Page 286
9. CAD for Low-Cost and High-Volume Production......Page 288
9.2.1 Circuit Analysis......Page 289
9.2.2 Electromagnetic Simulation......Page 294
9.2.3 Artificial Neural Network Modeling......Page 298
9.3.1 Basic Concepts......Page 300
9.3.2 Objective Functions for Filter Optimization......Page 301
9.3.4 Gradient Methods for Optimization......Page 303
9.3.5 Direct Search Optimization......Page 306
9.3.6 Optimization Strategies Involving EM Simulations......Page 310
9.4.2 Synthesis of a Quasielliptic Function Filter by Optimization......Page 314
9.4.3 Synthesis of an Asynchronously Tuned Filter by Optimization......Page 315
9.4.4 Synthesis of a UMTS Filter by Optimization......Page 317
9.5 CAD Examples......Page 321
References......Page 327
10.1.1 Filter Characteristics......Page 330
10.1.2 Filter Synthesis......Page 332
10.1.3 Filter Analysis......Page 335
10.1.4 Microstrip Filter Realization......Page 336
10.2 Cascaded Quadruplet (CQ) Filters......Page 340
10.2.2 Design Example......Page 341
10.3.1 Characteristics of CT Filters......Page 343
10.3.2 Trisection Filters......Page 346
10.3.3 Microstrip Trisection Filters......Page 350
10.3.4 Microstrip CT Filters......Page 355
10.4.1 Characteristics of Transmission Line Inserted Inverters......Page 356
10.4.2 Filtering Characteristics with Transmission Line Inserted Inverters......Page 359
10.4.3 General Transmission Line Filter......Page 363
10.5.1 Prototype of Linear Phase Filter......Page 365
10.5.2 Microstrip Linear Phase Bandpass Filters......Page 370
10.6 Extract Pole Filters......Page 374
10.6.1 Extracted Pole Synthesis Procedure......Page 375
10.6.2 Synthesis Example......Page 381
10.6.3 Microstrip Extracted Pole Bandpass Filters......Page 383
10.7.1 General Coupling Structure......Page 386
10.7.2 Elliptic Function/Selective Linear Phase Canonical Filters......Page 388
References......Page 390
11.1.1 Ladder Microstrip Line......Page 394
11.1.2 Ladder Microstrip Line Resonators and Filters......Page 396
11.2.1 Filtering Structure......Page 398
11.2.2 Pseudointerdigital Resonators and Filters......Page 400
11.3 Miniature Open-Loop and Hairpin Resonator Filters......Page 404
11.4.1 Capacitively Loaded Transmission Line Resonator......Page 407
11.4.3 Slow-Wave, Open-Loop Resonator Filters......Page 411
11.5.1 Microstrip Dual-Mode Resonators......Page 419
11.5.2 Miniaturized Dual-Mode Resonator Filters......Page 423
11.6 Multilayer Filters......Page 425
11.6.1 Wider-Band Multilayer Filters......Page 426
11.6.2 Narrow-Band Multilayer Filters......Page 427
11.7 Lumped-Element Filters......Page 435
11.8 Miniaturized Filters Using High Dielectric Constant Substrates......Page 441
References......Page 443
12.1 HTS Subsystems and RF Modules for Mobile Base Stations......Page 448
12.2 HTS Microstrip Duplexers......Page 451
12.2.1 Duplexer Principle......Page 453
12.2.2 Duplexer Design......Page 454
12.2.3 Duplexer Fabrication and Test......Page 459
12.3.1 Design Considerations......Page 461
12.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis......Page 463
12.3.4 Evaluation of Quality Factor......Page 465
12.3.5 Filter Fabrication and Test......Page 469
References......Page 471
Appendix: Useful Constants and Data......Page 474
Index......Page 476