Micronutrients in health and disease

Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 22
Acknowledgment......Page 24
Author......Page 26
History of the Discovery of Antioxidants......Page 28
Sources and Forms of Vitamins......Page 29
Distribution of Antioxidants in the Body......Page 30
Can Antioxidants Be Degraded during Cooking?......Page 32
Functions of Individual Antioxidants......Page 33
Group B Antioxidants......Page 34
Misuse of Antioxidants in Clinical Studies......Page 35
References......Page 38
Introduction......Page 40
Formation of Free Radicals Derived from Oxygen and Nitrogen......Page 41
What Is Inflammation?......Page 43
Cytokines......Page 44
Immune System......Page 45
Innate Immunity......Page 46
Conclusions......Page 47
References......Page 48
Introduction......Page 50
Biology of Antioxidants......Page 51
Coronary Artery Disease......Page 53
Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease......Page 54
Results of Clinical Studies with Multiple Dietary Antioxidants in Cancer......Page 55
Results of Clinical Studies with Fat and Fiber......Page 56
Recommended Micronutrients for Reducing the Risk and Progression of Chronic Diseases......Page 57
References......Page 58
Introduction......Page 62
Influence of Environmental, Dietary, Metabolic and Lifestyle-Related Stressors on Oxidative Stress......Page 63
Oxidative Stress Influences Mitochondria, Lysosome and Proteasome Function during Aging......Page 64
Oxidative Stress Influences the Length of Telomere during Aging......Page 65
Aging Influences Immune Function......Page 66
Antioxidant Enzymes......Page 67
Dietary and Endogenous Antioxidants Levels......Page 68
Coenzyme Q10......Page 70
Multiple Dietary Antioxidants......Page 71
Rationale for Recommending Multiple Micronutrients to Reduce the Rate of Aging......Page 72
Changes in Diet and Lifestyle......Page 73
References......Page 74
Incidence and Cost......Page 82
Consequences of Increased Oxidative Stress and Chronic Inflammation......Page 83
Epidemiologic Studies with Antioxidants......Page 84
Intervention Human Studies after Treatment with One or More Dietary Antioxidants......Page 85
Vitamin E Alone Producing Beneficial Effects......Page 86
Dietary Antioxidants Producing No Effects or Adverse Effects......Page 87
Endogenous Antioxidants Producing No Effect or Beneficial Effects......Page 89
Multiple Dietary Antioxidants with Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs......Page 90
Resveratrol and Omega-3 Fatty Acids......Page 92
Intervention Studies with B-Vitamins to Lower Homocysteine Levels......Page 93
Scientific Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients Including Dietary and Endogenous Antioxidants in Prevention and Improved Treatment of CAD......Page 94
Importance of Dose Schedule......Page 95
Conclusions......Page 96
References......Page 97
Incidence and Cost......Page 104
Prediabetes and Metabolic Syndrome......Page 105
Type 1 Diabetes......Page 106
Evidence for Increased Chronic Inflammation in Diabetes......Page 107
Vitamin C......Page 108
Vitamin E......Page 109
N-Acetylcysteine......Page 110
l-Carnitine......Page 111
Coenzyme Q10......Page 112
Folic Acid and Thiamine......Page 113
Antioxidants in Combination with Dia betic/Cardiovas cular Drugs and/or Insulin......Page 114
Human Intervention Studies with Omega-3 Fatty Acids Alone......Page 115
Standard Treatments......Page 116
Animal Studies with Aspirin......Page 117
Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients in Diabetic Patients......Page 118
Recommended Micronutrient Supplement for the Prevention of Diabetes in High-Risk Populations......Page 119
Conclusions......Page 120
References......Page 121
Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Cost......Page 130
Proposed Stages of Human Carcinogenesis......Page 131
Diagrammatic Representation of the Proposed Stages of Human Carcinogenesis......Page 132
Contribution of Environmental, Dietary, and Lifestyle-Related Factors......Page 133
Some Examples of Lifestyle-Related Carcinogens......Page 134
Some Examples of Diet-Related Carcinogens......Page 135
Functions of Antioxidants Relevant to Cancer Prevention......Page 136
Analysis of Cancer Prevention Studies in Animals after Treatment with Antioxidants......Page 137
Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies on Antioxidants and Cancer Prevention......Page 139
Cancer Risk in Heavy Tobacco Smokers after Treatment with a Single Dietary Antioxidant......Page 141
Other Cancer Risks after Treatment with a Single Dietary Antioxidant......Page 142
Cancer Risk after Treatment with Multiple Dietary Antioxidants......Page 143
Cancer Risk after Treatment with Folate and B-Vitamins......Page 144
Cancer Risk after Treatment with Fat and Fiber......Page 145
Recommendations for Cancer-Free Normal Individuals......Page 146
Recommendations for Cancer-Free High-Risk Individuals......Page 147
Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients in Proposed Cancer Preventive Strategy......Page 148
Unique Features of Proposed Micronutrient Formulation......Page 149
References......Page 150
Introduction......Page 160
Preventive and Therapeutic Dose Ranges of Antioxidants......Page 161
Recommendation by Oncologists and Use of Antioxidants by Their Patients......Page 162
Vitamin E and Its Derivatives......Page 163
Vitamin C......Page 164
Selenium......Page 165
NAC and Alpha-Lipoic Acid......Page 166
Effects of Therapeutic Doses of Individual Antioxidants on Gene Expression Profiles in Cancer Cells......Page 167
Cell Culture Studies......Page 168
Animal Studies......Page 169
Cell Culture Studies......Page 171
Clinical Studies......Page 174
Clinical Studies with Multiple Dietary Antioxidants......Page 177
Rational for Using Multiple Micronutrients......Page 178
Utilization of Data Obtained from the Use of Preventive Doses of Individual Antioxidants in High-Risk Populations......Page 179
Utilization of Data Obtained from the Use of Antioxidant Deficiency in Combination with Therapeutic Agents on Cancer Cells......Page 180
Hyperthermia......Page 181
Sodium Butyrate and Interferon-Alpha2b......Page 182
AMTP Using Therapeutic Doses of Multiple Antioxidants......Page 183
Conclusions......Page 184
References......Page 185
Introduction......Page 194
Sources of Free Radicals in Normal Brain......Page 195
Formation of Free Radicals Derived from Oxygen and Nitrogen......Page 196
Oxidative Stress–Induced Mitochondrial Damage in AD......Page 198
Cholesterol-Induced Generation of Beta-Amyloid......Page 199
Genetic Defects in Idiopathic AD......Page 200
Increased Levels of Markers of Chronic Inflammation in AD......Page 201
Laboratory and Clinical Studies with Antioxidants in AD......Page 203
Coenzyme Q10 and Melatonin......Page 204
Vitamin A, Vitamin E, and Vitamin C......Page 205
Resveratrol......Page 206
Problems with Using a Single Nutrient in AD......Page 207
Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients in AD......Page 208
Rationale for Using NSAIDs in AD Prevention......Page 209
Recommended Micronutrients and Low-Dose NSAIDs with Standard Therapy in Patients with Dementia......Page 210
References......Page 211
Introduction......Page 224
Neuropathology and Symptoms......Page 225
DJ-1 Gene......Page 226
Alpha-Synuclein Gene......Page 227
Increased Oxidative Stress in PD......Page 228
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in PD......Page 230
Studies in Animal Models of PD......Page 231
Studies in Human PD\r......Page 232
Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients in PD......Page 234
Recommended Micronutrient Supplement for Use in Combination with a Low- Dose NSAID for Reducing the Rate of Progression of PD in Early-Stage Patients......Page 236
Recommended Micronutrient Supplement and Low-Dose NSAID in Combination with Standard Therapy in PD Patients......Page 237
References......Page 238
Incidence and Cost......Page 248
Meniere\'s Disease (MD)......Page 249
Current Prevention and Treatment Strategies......Page 250
Involvement of Oxidative Stress in Hearing Disorders......Page 251
Animal Studies......Page 252
Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients in Hearing Disorders......Page 253
Conclusions......Page 256
References......Page 257
Incidence and Cost of PTSD......Page 262
Biochemical Events in PTSD......Page 263
Chronic Inflammation in PTSD......Page 264
Standard Therapy in PTSD......Page 265
Rationale for Using Micronutrients in PTSD......Page 266
Rationale for Recommending Multiple Micronutrients Including Dietary and Endogenous Antioxidants in PTSD......Page 267
Recommended Micronutrients for Reducing the Risk of PTSD in High-Risk Populations......Page 269
Conclusions......Page 270
References......Page 271
Causes of TBI......Page 276
Symptoms and Consequences of Concussive Injury......Page 277
Evidence for Increased Oxidative Stress in TBI......Page 278
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in TBI......Page 279
Evidence for Increased Levels of Markers of Inflammation in TBI......Page 280
Evidence for Increased Release of Glutamate in TBI......Page 281
Treatments of Sports-Related Concussive Injury......Page 282
Antioxidants Reduce Glutamate Release......Page 283
Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients in TBI......Page 284
Recommended Micronutrients for Reducing the Late Adverse Effects in High- Risk Populations......Page 286
Conclusions......Page 287
References......Page 288
Introduction......Page 296
Micronutrient Deficiency Impairs Immune Function......Page 297
Increased Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Enhance the Risk and Progression of HIV Infection......Page 298
Primary Prevention......Page 299
Evidence for Micronutrients Reducing Progression of HIV Infection......Page 300
Current Treatments of HIV/AIDS......Page 301
Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients in Primary and Secondary Prevention of HIV Infection......Page 302
Recommended Micronutrients for Improving the Efficacy of Antiviral Therapy......Page 304
References......Page 305
Introduction......Page 312
Probable Biochemical and Genetic Steps Involved in Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis......Page 313
Risk Estimates of Radiation-Induced Cancer......Page 314
Risk of Low-Dose Radiation-Induced Non-Neoplastic Diseases......Page 316
Radioprotective Studies with Antioxidants in Animals......Page 317
Recommended Micronutrient Preparations for Biological Protection against Low Doses of Radiation......Page 318
Radiation Workers, and Pilots and Flight Attendants......Page 319
References......Page 320
Introduction......Page 324
Bone Marrow Syndrome......Page 325
CNS Syndrome......Page 326
Late Effects of High Doses of Radiation on the Risk of Non-Neoplastic Diseases......Page 327
Radiation Protection Studies with Antioxidants in Cell Culture Models......Page 328
Radiation Protection Studies with Antioxidants in Animal Models......Page 329
Scientific Rationale for Using Multiple Antioxidants in Radiation Protection......Page 330
Radiation Protection Study with a Mixture of Multiple Antioxidants Administered Orally before and after Irradiation in Sheep......Page 331
Radiation Protection Study with a Mixture of Multiple Antioxidants Administered Orally before Irradiation in Mice......Page 332
Studies with Radiation Therapeutic Agents or Procedures......Page 334
Chemical Agents......Page 335
Biological Agents......Page 336
Recommended Multiple Micronutrients for Radiation Protection in Humans......Page 337
Conclusions......Page 338
References......Page 339
Incidence and Cost......Page 346
Osteoarthritis......Page 347
Evidence for the Role of Oxidative Stress......Page 348
Evidence for the Role of Inflammation......Page 349
Animal Studies......Page 350
Human Studies......Page 351
Low-Dose MTX......Page 352
Anticytokines Therapy......Page 353
Glucosamine and Chondroitin......Page 354
Problems of Using a Single Agent......Page 355
Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients......Page 356
Recommended Micronutrient Supplement in Combination with Standard Therapy for RA Patients......Page 357
References......Page 358
Misconception 3......Page 366
Misconception 8......Page 367
Misconception 13......Page 368
Conclusions......Page 369
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)......Page 370
DRI Values for Antioxidants, Vitamins, Micronutrients, and Minerals......Page 371
Conclusions......Page 382