Microbiology: An introduction

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Contents
PART ONE: Fundamentals of Microbiology
	1 The Microbial World and You
		Microbes in Our Lives
		Naming and Classifying Microorganisms
		A Brief History of Microbiology
		Microbes and Human Welfare
		Microbes and Human Disease
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	2 Chemical Principles
		The Structure of Atoms
		How Atoms Form Molecules: Chemical Bonds
		Chemical Reactions
		IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
		Inorganic Compounds
		Organic Compounds
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	3 Observing Microorganisms Through a Microscope
		Units of Measurement
		Microscopy: The Instruments
		Preparation of Specimens for Light Microscopy
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
		Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview
		THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
		The Size, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells
		Structures External to the Cell Wall
		The Cell Wall
		Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
		THE EUKARYOTIC CELL
		Flagella and Cilia
		The Cell Wall and Glycocalyx
		The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane
		Cytoplasm
		Ribosomes
		Organelles
		The Evolution of Eukaryotes
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	5 Microbial Metabolism
		Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions
		Enzymes
		Energy Production
		Carbohydrate Catabolism
		Lipid and Protein Catabolism
		Biochemical Tests and Bacterial Identification
		Photosynthesis
		A Summary of Energy Production Mechanisms
		Metabolic Diversity among Organisms
		Metabolic Pathways of Energy Use
		The Integration of Metabolism
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	6 Microbial Growth
		The Requirements for Growth
		Biofilms
		Culture Media
		Obtaining Pure Cultures
		Preserving Bacterial Cultures
		The Growth of Bacterial Cultures
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	7 The Control of Microbial Growth
		The Terminology of Microbial Control
		The Rate of Microbial Death
		Actions of Microbial Control Agents
		Physical Methods of Microbial Control
		Chemical Methods of Microbial Control
		Microbial Characteristics and Microbial Control
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	8 Microbial Genetics
		Structure and Function of the Genetic Material
		The Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression
		Mutation: Change in the Genetic Material
		Genetic Transfer and Recombination
		Genes and Evolution
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	9 Biotechnology and DNA Technology
		Introduction to Biotechnology
		Tools of Biotechnology
		Techniques of Genetic Modification
		Applications of DNA Technology
		Safety Issues and the Ethics of Using DNA Technology
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
PART TWO: A Survey of the Microbial World
	10 Classification of Microorganisms
		The Study of Phylogenetic Relationships
		Classification of Organisms
		Methods of Classifying and Identifying Microorganisms
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	11 The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea
		The Prokaryotic Groups
		DOMAIN BACTERIA
		The Proteobacteria
		The Gram-Positive Bacteria
		The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria
		Fusobacteria
		DOMAIN ARCHAEA
		Diversity within the Archaea
		MICROBIAL DIVERSITY
		Discoveries Illustrating the Range of Diversity
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	12 The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths
		Fungi
		Lichens
		Algae
		Protozoa
		Slime Molds
		Helminths
		Arthropods as Vectors
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
		General Characteristics of Viruses
		Viral Structure
		Taxonomy of Viruses
		Isolation, Cultivation, and Identification of Viruses
		Viral Multiplication
		Viruses and Cancer
		Latent Viral Infections
		Persistent Viral Infections
		Prions
		Plant Viruses and Viroids
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
PART THREE: Interaction between Microbe and Host
	14 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology
		Pathology, Infection, and Disease
		Normal Microbiota
		The Etiology of Infectious Diseases
		Classifying Infectious Diseases
		Patterns of Disease
		The Spread of Infection
		Nosocomial (Hospital-Acquired) Infections
		Emerging Infectious Diseases
		Epidemiology
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	15 Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
		How Microorganisms Enter a Host
		How Bacterial Pathogens Penetrate Host Defenses
		How Bacterial Pathogens Damage Host Cells
		Pathogenic Properties of Viruses
		Pathogenic Properties of Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Algae
		Portals of Exit
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	16 Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host
		The Concept of Immunity
		FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES
		Physical Factors
		Chemical Factors
		Normal Microbiota and Innate Immunity
		SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
		Formed Elements in Blood
		The Lymphatic System
		Phagocytes
		Inflammation
		Fever
		Antimicrobial Substances
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	17 Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host
		The Adaptive Immune System
		Dual Nature of the Adaptive Immune System
		Antigens and Antibodies
		B Cells and Humoral Immunity
		Antigen–Antibody Binding and Its Results
		T Cells and Cellular Immunity
		Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
		Extracellular Killing by the Immune System
		Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
		Cytokines: Chemical Messengers of Immune Cells
		Immunological Memory
		Types of Adaptive Immunity
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	18 Practical Applications of Immunology
		Vaccines
		Diagnostic Immunology
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	19 Disorders Associated with the Immune System
		Hypersensitivity
		Autoimmune Diseases
		Reactions Related to the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Complex
		The Immune System and Cancer
		Immunodeficiencies
		Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	20 Antimicrobial Drugs
		The History of Chemotherapy
		The Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity
		The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs
		A Survey of Commonly Used Antimicrobial Drugs
		Tests to Guide Chemotherapy
		Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs
		Antibiotic Safety
		Effects of Combinations of Drugs
		The Future of Chemotherapeutic Agents
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
PART FOUR: Microorganisms and Human Disease
	21 Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes
		Structure and Function of the Skin
		Normal Microbiota of the Skin
		Microbial Diseases of the Skin
		Microbial Diseases of the Eye
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	22 Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System
		Structure and Function of the Nervous System
		Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
		Viral Diseases of the Nervous System
		Fungal Disease of the Nervous System
		Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System
		Nervous System Diseases Caused by Prions
		Disease Caused by Unidentified Agents
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	23 Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
		Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
		Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
		Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
		Protozoan Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
		Helminthic Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	24 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System
		Structure and Function of the Respiratory System
		Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory System
		MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
		Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System
		Viral Disease of the Upper Respiratory System
		MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
		Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System
		Viral Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System
		Fungal Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	25 Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System
		Structure and Function of the Digestive System
		Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System
		Bacterial Diseases of the Mouth
		Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
		Viral Diseases of the Digestive System
		Fungal Diseases of the Digestive System
		Protozoan Diseases of the Digestive System
		Helminthic Diseases of the Digestive System
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	26 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems
		Structure and Function of the Urinary System
		Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
		Normal Microbiota of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems
		DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
		Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary
		DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
		Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive Systems
		Viral Diseases of the Reproductive Systems
		Fungal Disease of the Reproductive Systems
		Protozoan Disease of the Reproductive Systems
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
PART FIVE: Environmental and Applied Microbiology
	27 Environmental Microbiology
		Microbial Diversity and Habitats
		Soil Microbiology and Biogeochemical Cycles
		Aquatic Microbiology and Sewage Treatment
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
	28 Applied and Industrial Microbiology
		Food Microbiology
		Industrial Microbiology
		Study Outline
		Study Questions
Answers to Review and Multiple Choice Study Questions
Appendix A: Metabolic Pathways
Appendix B: Exponents, Exponential Notation, Logarithms, and Generation Time
Appendix C: Methods for Taking Clinical Samples
Appendix D: Pronunciation of Scientific Names
Appendix E: Word Roots Used in Microbiology
Appendix F: Classification of Prokaryotes According to Bergey’s Manual
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Credits
Index
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