Microbiology : with diseases by body system

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Author
Preface
Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions
Acknowledgments
Contents
Feature Boxes
1 A Brief History of Microbiology
	The Early Years of Microbiology
		What Does Life Really Look Like?
		How Can Microbes Be Classified?
	The Golden Age of Microbiology
		Does Microbial Life Spontaneously Generate?
		What Causes Fermentation?
		What Causes Disease?
		How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease?
	The Modern Age of Microbiology
		What Are the Basic Chemical Reactions of Life?
		How Do Genes Work?
		What Roles Do Microorganisms Play in the Environment?
		How Do We Defend Against Disease?
		What Will the Future Hold?
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
2 The Chemistry of Microbiology
	Atoms
		Atomic Structure
		Isotopes
		Electron Configurations
	Chemical Bonds
		Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
		Polar Covalent Bonds
		Ionic Bonds
		Hydrogen Bonds
	Chemical Reactions
		Synthesis Reactions
		Decomposition Reactions
		Exchange Reactions
	Water, Acids, Bases, and Salts
		Water
		Acids and Bases
		Salts
	Organic Macromolecules
		Functional Groups
		Lipids
		Carbohydrates
		Proteins
		Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
3 Cell Structure and Function
	Processes of Life
	Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview
	External Structures of Bacterial Cells
		Glycocalyces
		Flagella
		Fimbriae and Pili
	Bacterial Cell Walls
		Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Walls
		Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls
		Bacteria Without Cell Walls
	Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes
		Structure
		Function
	Cytoplasm of Bacteria
		Cytosol
		Inclusions
		Endospores
		Nonmembranous Organelles
	External Structures of Archaea
		Glycocalyces
		Flagella
		Fimbriae and Hami
	Archaeal Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes
	Cytoplasm of Archaea
	External Structure of Eukaryotic Cells
		Glycocalyces
	Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes
	Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes
		Flagella
		Cilia
		Other Nonmembranous Organelles
		Membranous Organelles
		Endosymbiotic Theory
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification
	Units of Measurement
	Microscopy
		General Principles of Microscopy
		Light Microscopy
		Electron Microscopy
		Probe Microscopy
	Staining
		Preparing Specimens for Staining
		Principles of Staining
		Simple Stains
		Differential Stains
		Special Stains
		Staining for Electron Microscopy
	Classification and Identification of Microorganisms
		Linnaeus and Taxonomic Categories
		Domains
		Taxonomic and Identifying Characteristics
		Taxonomic Keys
	MICRO MATTERS
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
5 Microbial Metabolism
	Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying Metabolism
		Catabolism and Anabolism
		Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
		ATP Production and Energy Storage
		The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism
	Carbohydrate Catabolism
		Glycolysis
		Cellular Respiration
		Metabolic Diversity
		Fermentation
	Other Catabolic Pathways
		Lipid Catabolism
		Protein Catabolism
	Photosynthesis
		Chemicals and Structures
		Light-Dependent Reactions
		Light-Independent Reactions
	Other Anabolic Pathways
		Carbohydrate Biosynthesis
		Lipid Biosynthesis
		Amino Acid Biosynthesis
		Nucleotide Biosynthesis
	Integration and Regulation of Metabolic Functions
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth
	Growth Requirements
		Nutrients: Chemical and Energy Requirements
		Physical Requirements
		Associations and Biofilms
	Culturing Microorganisms
		Clinical Sampling
		Obtaining Pure Cultures
		Culture Media
		Special Culture Techniques
		Preserving Cultures
	Growth of Microbial Populations
		Generation Time
		Mathematical Considerations in Population Growth
		Phases of Microbial Population Growth
		Continuous Culture in a Chemostat
		Measuring Microbial Reproduction
	MICRO MATTERS
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
7 Microbial Genetics
	The Structure and Replication of Genomes
		The Structure of Nucleic Acids
		The Structure of Prokaryotic Genomes
		The Structure of Eukaryotic Genomes
		DNA Replication
	Gene Function
		The Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype
		The Transfer of Genetic Information
		The Events in Transcription
		Translation
		Regulation of Genetic Expression
	Mutations of Genes
		Types of Mutations
		Effects of Point Mutations
		Mutagens
		Frequency of Mutation
		DNA Repair
		Identifying Mutants, Mutagens, and Carcinogens
	Genetic Recombination and Transfer
		Transposons and Transposition
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
8 Recombinant DNA Technology
	The Role of Recombinant DNA Technology in Biotechnology
	The Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
		Mutagens
		The Use of Reverse Transcriptase to Synthesize cDNA
		Synthetic Nucleic Acids
		Restriction Enzymes
		Vectors
		Gene Libraries
	Techniques of Recombinant DNA Technology
		Multiplying DNA In Vitro: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
		Selecting a Clone of Recombinant Cells
		Separating DNA Molecules: Gel Electrophoresis and the Southern Blot
		DNA Microarrays
		Inserting DNA into Cells
	Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology
		Genetic Mapping
		Microbial Community Studies
		Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications
		Agricultural Applications
	The Ethics and Safety of Recombinant DNA Technology
	MICRO MATTERS
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
9 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment
	Basic Principles of Microbial Control
		Terminology of Microbial Control
		Microbial Death Rates
		Action of Antimicrobial Agents
	The Selection of Microbial Control Methods
		Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Methods
		Biosafety Levels
	Physical Methods of Microbial Control
		Heat-Related Methods
		Refrigeration and Freezing
		Desiccation and Lyophilization
		Filtration
		Osmotic Pressure
		Radiation
	Chemical Methods of Microbial Control
		Phenol and Phenolics
		Alcohols
		Halogens
		Oxidizing Agents
		Surfactants
		Heavy Metals
		Aldehydes
		Gaseous Agents
		Enzymes
		Antimicrobial Drugs
		Methods for Evaluating Disinfectants and Antiseptics
		Development of Resistant Microbes
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs
	The History of Antimicrobial Agents
	Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action
		Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
		Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
		Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes
		Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways
		Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
		Prevention of Virus Attachment, Entry, or Uncoating
	Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs
		Spectrum of Action
		Effectiveness
		Routes of Administration
		Safety and Side Effects
	Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs
		The Development of Resistance in Populations
		Mechanisms of Resistance
		Multiple Resistance and Cross Resistance
		Retarding Resistance
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
11 Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes
	General Characteristics of Prokaryotic Organisms
		Morphology of Prokaryotic Cells
		Endospores
		Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cells
		Arrangements of Prokaryotic Cells
	Modern Prokaryotic Classification
	Survey of Archaea
		Extremophiles
		Methanogens
	Survey of Bacteria
		Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria
		Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria
		High G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria
		Gram-Negative Proteobacteria
		Other Gram-Negative Bacteria
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
12 Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes
	General Characteristics of Eukaryotic Organisms
		Reproduction of Eukaryotes
		Classification of Eukaryotic Organisms
	Protozoa
		Distribution of Protozoa
		Morphology of Protozoa
		Nutrition of Protozoa
		Reproduction of Protozoa
		Classification of Protozoa
	Fungi
		The Significance of Fungi
		Morphology of Fungi
		Nutrition of Fungi
		Reproduction of Fungi
		Classification of Fungi
		Lichens
	Algae
		Distribution of Algae
		Morphology of Algae
		Reproduction of Algae
		Classification of Algae
	Water Molds
	Other Eukaryotes of Microbiological Interest: Parasitic Helminths and Vectors
		Arachnids
		Insects
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
	Characteristics of Viruses
		Genetic Material of Viruses
		Hosts of Viruses
		Sizes of Viruses
		Capsid Morphology
		Viral Shapes
		The Viral Envelope
	Classification of Viruses
	Viral Replication
		Lytic Replication of Bacteriophages
		Lysogenic Replication of Bacteriophages
		Replication of Animal Viruses
	The Role of Viruses in Cancer
	Culturing Viruses in the Laboratory
		Culturing Viruses in Mature Organisms
		Culturing Viruses in Embryonated Chicken Eggs
		Culturing Viruses in Cell (Tissue) Culture
	Are Viruses Alive?
	Other Parasitic Particles: Viroids and Prions
		Characteristics of Viroids
		Characteristics of Prions
	MICRO MATTERS
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology
	Symbiotic Relationships Between Microbes and Their Hosts
		Types of Symbiosis
		Microbiome of Humans
		How Normal Microbiota Become Opportunistic Pathogens
	Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases of Humans
		Animal Reservoirs
		Human Carriers
		Nonliving Reservoirs
	The Invasion and Establishment of Microbes in Hosts: Infection
		Exposure to Microbes: Contamination and Infection
		Portals of Entry
		The Role of Adhesion in Infection
	The Nature of Infectious Disease
		Manifestations of Disease: Symptoms, Signs, and Syndromes
		Causation of Disease: Etiology
		Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents
		The Stages of Infectious Diseases
	The Movement of Pathogens out of Hosts: Portals of Exit
	Modes of Infectious Disease Transmission
		Contact Transmission
		Vehicle Transmission
		Vector Transmission
	Classification of Infectious Diseases
	Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
		Frequency of Disease
		Epidemiological Studies
		Hospital Epidemiology: Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections
		Epidemiology and Public Health
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
15 Innate Immunity
	An Overview of the Body’s Defenses
	The Body’s First Line of Defense
		The Role of Skin in Innate Immunity
		The Role of Mucous Membranes in Innate Immunity
		The Role of the Lacrimal Apparatus in Innate Immunity
		The Role of the Microbiome in Innate Immunity
		Other First-Line Defenses
	The Body’s Second Line of Defense
		Defense Components of Blood
		Phagocytosis
		Nonphagocytic Killing
		Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogens
		Inflammation
		Fever
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
16 Adaptive Immunity
	Overview of Adaptive Immunity
	Elements of Adaptive Immunity
		The Tissues and Organs of the Lymphatic System
		Antigens
		Preparation for an Adaptive Immune Response
		B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and Antibodies
		Immune Response Cytokines
	Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
		Activation of Cytotoxic T Cell Clones and Their Functions
		The Perforin-Granzyme Cytotoxic Pathway
		The CD95 Cytotoxic Pathway
		Memory T Cells
		T Cell Regulation
	Antibody Immune Responses
		Inducement of T-Dependent Antibody Immunity with Clonal Selection
		Memory Cells and the Establishment of Immunological Memory
	Types of Acquired Immunity
		Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
		Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
		Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
		Artificially Acquired Passive Immunotherapy
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
17 Immunization and Immune Testing
	Immunization
		Brief History of Immunization
		Active Immunization
		Passive Immunotherapy
	Serological Tests That Use Antigens and Corresponding Antibodies
		Precipitation Tests
		Turbidimetric and Nephelometric Tests
		Agglutination Tests
		Neutralization Tests
		The Complement Fixation Test
		Labeled Antibody Tests
		Point-of-Care Testing
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
18 Immune Disorders
	Hypersensitivities
		Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity
		Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity
		Type III (Immune Complex–Mediated) Hypersensitivity
		Type IV (Delayed or Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity
	Autoimmune Diseases
		Causes of Autoimmune Diseases
		Examples of Autoimmune Diseases
	Immunodeficiency Diseases
		Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
		Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases
	MICRO MATTERS
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
19 Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Wounds
	Structure of the Skin
	Microbiome of the Skin
	Bacterial Diseases of the Skin and Wounds
		Folliculitis
		Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
		Impetigo (Pyoderma) and Erysipelas
		Necrotizing Fasciitis
		Acne
		Cat Scratch Disease
		Pseudomonas Infection
		Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis
		Cutaneous Anthrax
		Gas Gangrene
	Viral Diseases of the Skin and Wounds
		Diseases of Poxviruses
		Herpes Infections
		Warts
		Chickenpox and Shingles
		Rubella
		Measles (Rubeola)
		Other Viral Rashes
	Mycoses of the Hair, Nails, and Skin
		Superficial Mycoses
		Cutaneous Mycoses
		Wound Mycoses
	Parasitic Infestations of the Skin
		Leishmaniasis
		Scabies
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
20 Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System and Eyes
	Structure of the Nervous System
		Structures of the Central Nervous System
		Structures of the Peripheral Nervous System
		Cells of the Nervous System
		Portals of Infection of the Central Nervous System
	Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
		Bacterial Meningitis
		Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)
		Botulism
		Tetanus
	Viral Diseases of the Nervous System
		Viral Meningitis
		Poliomyelitis
		Rabies
		Arboviral Encephalitis
	Mycosis of the Nervous System
		Cryptococcal Meningitis
	Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System
		African Trypanosomiasis
		Primary Amebic Meningoencephalopathy
	Prion Disease
		Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)
	Microbial Diseases of the Eyes
		Structure of the Eye
		Trachoma
		Other Microbial Diseases of the Eyes
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
21 Microbial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases
	Structures of the Cardiovascular System
		Structure of the Heart
		Movement of Blood and Lymph
	Bacterial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases
		Septicemia, Bacteremia, and Toxemia
		Endocarditis
		Brucellosis
		Tularemia
		Plague
		Lyme Disease
		Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
	Viral Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases
		Yellow Fever
		Infectious Mononucleosis
		Cytomegalovirus Disease
		Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
		African Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
	Protozoan and Helminthic Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases
		Malaria
		Toxoplasmosis
		American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ Disease)
		Schistosomiasis
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
22 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System
	Structures of the Respiratory System
		Structures of the Upper Respiratory System, Sinuses, and Ears
		Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
		Microbiome of the Respiratory System
	Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System, Sinuses, and Ears
		Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases
		Diphtheria
		Rhinosinusitis and Otitis Media
	Viral Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System
		Common Cold
	Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System
		Bacterial Pneumonias
		Legionnaires’ Disease
		Tuberculosis
		Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
		Inhalational Anthrax
	Viral Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System
		Influenza
		Coronavirus Respiratory Syndromes
		Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection
		Pathogenesis
		Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
		Other Viral Respiratory Diseases
	Mycoses of the Lower Respiratory System
		Coccidioidomycosis
		Blastomycosis
		Histoplasmosis
		Pneumocystis Pneumonia
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
23 Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System
	Structures of the Digestive System
		The Gastrointestinal Tract
		The Accessory Digestive Organs
	Microbiome of the Digestive System
	Bacterial Diseases of the Digestive System
		Dental Caries, Gingivitis, and Periodontal Disease
		Peptic Ulcer Disease
		Bacterial Gastroenteritis
		Bacterial Food Poisoning (Intoxication)
		Signs and Symptoms
		Pathogens and Virulence Factors
		Pathogenesis and Epidemiology
		Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
	Viral Diseases of the Digestive System
		Oral Herpes
		Mumps
		Viral Gastroenteritis
		Viral Hepatitis
	Protozoan Diseases of the Intestinal Tract
		Giardiasis
		Cryptosporidiosis
		Amebiasis
	Helminthic Infestations of the Intestinal Tract
		Tapeworm Infestations
		Pinworm Infestations
		Anisakiasis
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
24 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems
	Structures of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems
		Structures of the Urinary System
		Structures of the Reproductive Systems
		Microbiome of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems
	Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System
		Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections
		Leptospirosis
		Streptococcal Acute Glomerulonephritis
	Nonvenereal Diseases of the Reproductive Systems
		Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
		Bacterial Vaginosis
		Vaginal Candidiasis
	Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Diseases (STDs)
	Bacterial STDs
		Gonorrhea
		Syphilis
		Chlamydial Infections
	Viral STDs
		Genital Herpes
		Genital Warts
	Protozoan STDs
		Trichomoniasis
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
25 Applied and Industrial Microbiology
	Food Microbiology
		The Roles of Microorganisms in Food Production
		The Causes and Prevention of Food Spoilage
		Foodborne Illnesses
	Industrial Microbiology
		The Roles of Microbes in Industrial Fermentations
		Industrial Products of Microorganisms
		Water Treatment
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
26 Microbial Ecology and Microbiomes
	Environmental Microbiology
		Microbial Ecology
		Bioremediation
		The Problem of Acid Mine Drainage
		The Roles of Microorganisms in Biogeochemical Cycles
		Soil Microbiology
		Aquatic Microbiology
	Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism
		Assessing Microorganisms as Potential Agents of Warfare or Terror
		Known Microbial Threats
		Defense Against Bioterrorism
		Roles of Recombinant Genetic Technology in Bioterrorism
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
	QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
	CRITICAL THINKING
	CONCEPT MAPPING
Answers to Questions for Review
Appendix A Metabolic Pathways
Appendix B Some Mathematical Considerations in Microbiology
Glossary
Credits
Index