Microbiology of Wounds

Cover Page......Page 1
Title: MICROBIOLOGY OF WOUNDS......Page 4
ISBN 142007993X......Page 5
Dedication\r......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Editors......Page 12
Contributors......Page 14
Contents......Page 16
A Brief History of Microbiology......Page 18
Size......Page 20
Cell Wall......Page 21
Capsule/Slime Layer......Page 22
Chemotaxis......Page 23
Lag Phase......Page 24
Death Phase......Page 25
Oxygen......Page 26
Control of Microorganisms......Page 27
Death of Microorganisms following Exposure to Antimicrobial Agents......Page 28
Effectiveness of the Antibiotic or Antimicrobial......Page 29
Mechanism of Bacterial Resistance......Page 30
Epidemiology......Page 31
Control of Nosocomial Infections......Page 32
Historical Aspects of Biofilms......Page 33
Occurrence of Biofilms......Page 35
Development of the Conditioning Film and Subs tratum Effects......Page 37
Events That Bring Microorganisms into Close Proximity with the Surface......Page 39
Microbial Adhesion......Page 41
Role of Pili and Fimbriae in Adhesion......Page 42
Microcolony and Biofilm Formation......Page 44
Extracellular Polymeric Substances......Page 45
Biofilm Structure......Page 46
Factors That Govern the Development of Biofilms......Page 47
Detachment and Dispersal of the Biofilm......Page 48
Drinking Water......Page 51
Kidney Stones......Page 52
Osteomyelitis......Page 53
Urinary Tract Infections......Page 54
Rhinosinusitis......Page 55
Oral Infections......Page 57
Biofilm Resistance......Page 58
Slow Growth and the Stress Response......Page 59
Conclusion......Page 60
References......Page 61
Introduction......Page 74
The Anatomy and Characteristics of Human Skin......Page 75
The Distribution of Microbial Flora on the Skin......Page 78
Other Factors......Page 79
The Distribution of Indigenous Microbiota......Page 80
Molecular Approaches to the Investigation of Skin Microbiota......Page 83
Micrococcaceae......Page 84
Staphylococcus epidermidis......Page 85
Staphylococcus aureus......Page 86
Acinetobacter species......Page 87
Bacterial Interactions on the Skin......Page 88
Skin Flora and Infection......Page 89
Skin Microflora and Human Immunity......Page 91
References......Page 92
Contents......Page 98
Differences in Physiology......Page 99
Differences in Treatment......Page 100
Conclusion......Page 101
General Guidelines of Surgical Wound Management......Page 102
Lesions with Pus......Page 104
Types of Burns......Page 105
Radiation Necrosis......Page 106
Depth of Burns......Page 107
Physiology of the Burn Wound......Page 108
Size of the Burn, Inhalation Injury, and Burn Disease......Page 109
First Aid and Guidelines for Referral......Page 110
Long-Term Results......Page 112
Frostbite......Page 113
Conclusion......Page 114
Necrotizing Fasciitis and Bacteria  Myonecrosis......Page 115
Management......Page 116
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome......Page 117
Pretibial Laceration......Page 118
Road Rash, Abrasions, Mechanical Blisters......Page 119
Chronic Wounds: Their Occurrence and Impact......Page 120
Venous Ulcer......Page 122
Diabetic Ulcer......Page 127
Pressure Ulcers......Page 131
Other Pressure Ulcers......Page 133
Prevention of Pressure Ulcers......Page 134
Arterial Ulcers......Page 135
References......Page 139
Burn Wound Infection......Page 150
First-Degree Burns......Page 151
Superficial Partial Thickness Burns......Page 152
Full Thickness Burns......Page 154
Donor Sites......Page 156
Long-Term Results......Page 157
References......Page 159
Contents......Page 166
Platelets......Page 167
Neutrophils......Page 168
Endothelial Cells......Page 169
Keratinocytes......Page 170
Hemostasis......Page 171
Neutrophils......Page 172
Macrophages......Page 173
Resolution of Inflammation......Page 174
Lymphocytes......Page 176
Granulation Tissue Formation......Page 177
Reepithelialization......Page 179
Cytokines and Growth Factors in Regulation of Healing......Page 180
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor......Page 181
Fibroblast Growth Factor......Page 182
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor......Page 183
Interleukin-1......Page 184
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α......Page 185
Aging......Page 186
Nutrition......Page 187
Diabetic Ulcers......Page 188
Inflammation......Page 189
Granulation Tissue Formation......Page 191
Modulation of Wound Cell Biologyby Clinical Interventions......Page 193
References......Page 195
Introduction......Page 202
Contamination Stage......Page 204
Colonization: Irreversible Adhesion......Page 206
Infection—Local and Systemic......Page 207
Role of Microorganisms in Wound Healing......Page 208
Numbers......Page 209
Species Diversity in Acute and Chronic Wounds......Page 211
Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus......Page 212
Community Hypothesis and Wound Infections/Healing......Page 213
The Role of a Community......Page 214
Unculturable Bacteria and Wounds......Page 216
Sampling of a Wound......Page 218
Aspirate/Tissue......Page 220
Microbiological Specimen Handling for LaboratoryCulture-Based Diagnostics......Page 222
Microbiological Specimen Handling for LaboratoryMolecular -Based Diagnostics......Page 223
Conclusion......Page 224
References......Page 225
Introduction......Page 234
Diabetic Foot Ulcers......Page 235
Venous Leg Ulcers......Page 237
Pressure Ulcers......Page 239
Wound Characteristics......Page 240
Infection......Page 241
References......Page 245
Brief Overview of the Biology of Wound Healing......Page 248
Development of a Wound Biofilm......Page 249
Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)......Page 250
Evidence of Biofilms in Chronic Wounds......Page 251
Characterizing Biofilm Infection......Page 252
Immune Stimulation and Retardation by the Biofilm......Page 255
Biofilm Detachment and Dispersal in Wounds: Clinical Significance......Page 258
Conclusions......Page 259
References......Page 260
Introduction......Page 264
Collagenases......Page 265
Stromelysins......Page 271
Zymogen Activation......Page 272
Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases (TIMPs)......Page 273
Overall MMPs in Chronic Wounds......Page 274
Bacteria, Biofilms, and MMPs......Page 275
Aerobic Bacteria......Page 277
Management of MMPs......Page 278
References......Page 279
Introduction......Page 286
Overview of the Immune System......Page 287
The Innate Immune System and Wound Healing......Page 289
Identification of Microbial Intruders......Page 291
Components of the Innate Immune System......Page 292
Adaptive Immunity–Wound Interactions......Page 296
Components of the Adaptive Immune System......Page 297
Chronic Wounds......Page 299
Focus on S. Aureus and P. Aeruginosa Immune Evasion......Page 301
Biofilm Formation......Page 302
Conclusion......Page 303
References......Page 304
Contents......Page 308
Introduction......Page 309
Types of Antimicrobial Agents......Page 310
The Rationale for Using Antimicrobial Interventions in Wounds......Page 312
Debridement......Page 314
Biological Debridement......Page 315
Antibiotics......Page 316
Antiseptics......Page 318
Mode of Action......Page 319
Silver......Page 320
Efficacy on Biofilms......Page 321
Chlorhexidine......Page 322
Acetic Acid......Page 323
Honey......Page 324
Efficacy on Biofilms......Page 325
Mode of Action......Page 326
Xylitol......Page 327
Mode of Action......Page 328
Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA)......Page 329
Effectiveness of Biofilms......Page 330
Conclusions......Page 331
References......Page 332
Introduction......Page 344
Wound Dressings......Page 345
Alginate Dressings......Page 346
Biosurgery......Page 347
Honey......Page 348
Sequestration......Page 349
Control of Bacterial Virulence Determinants......Page 350
The Value of Close Association of Dressing with the Wound Bed......Page 351
Fluid Handling Properties: Absorption/Retention, Lateral Wicking, Sequestration......Page 352
References......Page 353
Introduction......Page 360
Pressure Ulcers as an Example of Chronic Wounds......Page 361
Colonization, Infections, and Wound Healing......Page 362
The Chronic Wound: What to Do?......Page 363
Compliance with Basic Wound Care......Page 365
Basic Wound Care Clinical Practice Guidelines......Page 367
A Short History of High-Tech Wound Healing Treatments......Page 370
The Verdict on Advanced Wound-Healing Technologies......Page 373
Efficacy versus Effectiveness......Page 374
Ischemia and Cellular Hypoxia......Page 376
Where Do We Go from Here?......Page 377
Clinical Use of Silver-Impregnated Dressings......Page 378
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis......Page 379
Conclusions......Page 381
References......Page 382
8......Page 388
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D......Page 391
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Color Insert\r......Page 401
Back Page......Page 409