Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach

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Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Microbes and Their Building Blocks
	CASE FILE: The Subject Is You!
	1.1 Microbes: Tiny but Mighty
	Medical Moment: Medications from Microbes
	1.2 Microbes in History
	1.3 Macromolecules: Superstructures of Life
	Medical Moment: Delivering Essential Nutrients
	1.4 Naming, Classifying, and Identifying Microorganisms
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: Meet Your Microbiome
CHAPTER 2 Tools of the Laboratory: Methods for the Culturing and Microscopic Analysis of Microorganisms
	CASE FILE: Treating the Unknown
	Medical Moment: The Making of the Flu Vaccine: An Example of a Live Growth Medium
	2.1 How to Culture Microorganisms
	2.2 The Microscope
	Medical Moment: Gram-Positive Versus Gram-Negative Bacteria
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: Diabetic Wounds and Their Microbiome as Seen by Microscopy
CHAPTER 3 Bacteria and Archaea
	CASE FILE: Extreme Endospores
	3.1 Form and Function of Bacteria and Archaea
	3.2 External Structures
	Medical Moment: Healthcare-Associated Infections
	3.3 The Cell Envelope: The Wall and Membrane(s)
	Medical Moment: Collecting Sputum
	3.4 Bacterial Internal Structure
	3.5 The Archaea: The Other "Prokaryotes"
	3.6 Classification Systems for Bacteria and Archaea
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: A Sticky Situation
CHAPTER 4 Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms
	CASE FILE: Puzzle in the Valley
	4.1 Overview of the Eukaryotes
	4.2 Structures of the Eukaryotic Cell
	4.3 The Fungi
	Medical Moment: Vaginal Candidiasis
	Medical Moment: Opportunistic Fungal Infection
	4.4 The Protozoa
	4.5 The Helminths
	Medical Moment: Neglected Parasitic Infections
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: Are Eukaryotic Microorganisms Part of Our Microbiome?
CHAPTER 5 Viral Structure and Multiplication
	CASE FILE: A Case of Croup
	5.1 The Position of Viruses in the Biological Spectrum
	5.2 The General Structure of Viruses
	Medical Moment: Why Antibiotics Are Ineffective Against Viruses
	5.3 Modes of Viral Multiplication
	5.4 Techniques in Cultivating and Identifying Animal Viruses
	Medical Moment: Differentiating Between Bacterial and Viral Infections
	5.5 Other Noncellular Infectious Agents
	5.6 Viruses and Human Health
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: Are Viruses Part of The Microbiome:?
CHAPTER 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth
	CASE FILE: Wound Care
	6.1 Microbial Nutrition
	Medical Moment: Osmosis and IV Fluids
	6.2 Environmental Factors That Influence Microbes
	6.3 The Study of Bacterial Growth
	Medical Moment: MRSA: PCR Over Culture
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: The Great Oxidation Event and Earth's Microbiome
CHAPTER 7 Microbial Metabolism
	CASE FILE: Surviving Sepsis
	7.1 Metabolism and the Role of Enzymes
	7.2 The Pursuit and Utilization of Energy
	7.3 Catabolism
	Medical Moment: Facultative Anaerobes
	7.4 Anabolism and the Crossing Pathways of Metabolism
	Medical Moment: Amino Acids: Essential, Nonessential, and Conditionally Essential Amino Acids
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: Electricity Eaters
CHAPTER 8 Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering
	CASE FILE: Factors to Consider
	8.1 Introduction to Genetics and Genes
	8.2 Transcription and Translation
	8.3 Genetic Regulation of Protein Synthesis
	8.4 DNA Recombination Events
	8.5 Mutations: Changes in the Genetic Code
	Medical Moment: Gene Mutations
	8.6 Studying DNA in the Laboratory and Genetic Engineering
	Medical Moment: Growing Hormones
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: Host Genetics and The Microbiome:
CHAPTER 9 Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes
	CASE FILE: Control of Microorganisms in the Operating Room
	9.1 Controlling Microorganisms
	9.2 Methods of Physical Control
	9.3 Chemical Agents in Microbial Control
	Medical Moment: The Use of Alcohol-Based Hand Cleansers
	Medical Moment: Zap VAP: The Role of Chlorhexidine
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: Hand Hygiene
CHAPTER 10 Antimicrobial Treatment
	CASE FILE: Not What We Were Expecting
	10.1 Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
	10.2 Interactions Between Drug and Microbe
	10.3 Antimicrobial Resistance
	Medical Moment: Why Do Antibiotics Cause Diarrhea?
	10.4 Interactions Between Drug and Host
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: How Antibiotics Impact The Microbiome:
CHAPTER 11 Interactions Between Microbes and Humans
	CASE FILE: Seizing the Opportunity
	11.1 The Human Microbiome
	11.2 When Colonization Leads to Disease
	Medical Moment: When the Portal of Entry Is Compromised
	Medical Moment: A Gene That Protects You from the Flu
	Medical Moment: Eye on Careers: Infection Control Practitioner
	11.3 Epidemiology: The Study of Disease in Populations
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: Fecal Transplants
CHAPTER 12 Host Defenses I: Overview and Nonspecific Defenses
	CASE FILE: Bacteria Cause That?
	12.1 Defense Mechanisms of the Host: An Overview
	Medical Moment: Examining Lymph Nodes
	Medical Moment: The Tonsils
	12.2 The First Line of Defense
	12.3 The Second Line of Defense
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: Are We Treating Autoimmune Diseases Incorrectly?
CHAPTER 13 Host Defenses II: Specific Immunity and Immunization
	CASE FILE: When More Immune Response Is Not Better
	13.1 Specific Immunity: The Third and Final Line of Defense
	Medical Moment: The Thymus
	13.2 Stage I: The Development of Lymphocyte Diversity
	Medical Moment: Blood Exposure in Neonates
	13.3 Stage II: Presentation of Antigens
	13.4 Stages III and IV: T-Cell Response
	13.5 Stages III and IV: B-Cell Response
	13.6 Specific Immunity and Vaccination
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: Gut Bacteria Cause Blindness?
CHAPTER 14 Disorders in Immunity
	CASE FILE: A Body Attacking Itself
	14.1 The Immune Response: A Two-Sided Coin
	14.2 Type I Allergic Reactions: Atopy and Anaphylaxis
	14.3 Type II Hypersensitivities: Reactions That Lyse Foreign Cells
	14.4 Type III Hypersensitivities: Immune Complex Reactions
	Medical Moment: Patch Testing
		14.5 Type IV Hypersensitivities: Cell-Mediated (Delayed) Reactions
		14.6 An Inappropriate Response to Self: Autoimmunity
		14.7 Immunodeficiency Diseases: Hyposensitivity of the Immune System
	Medical Moment: Hand Washing
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: Asthma and the Airway—and Gut—Microbiome
CHAPTER 15 Diagnosing Infections
	CASE FILE: Tracing the Cause
	15.1 Preparation for the Survey of Microbial Diseases
	15.2 First Steps: Specimen Collection
	15.3 Phenotypic Methods
	Medical Moment: Qualitative Versus Quantitative Diagnosis
	15.4 Immunologic Methods
	Medical Moment: Understanding Lab Results
	15.5 Genotypic Methods
	Medical Moment: Detecting and Treating TB
	15.6 Additional Diagnostic Technologies
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: The Human Microbiome Project and Diagnosis of Noninfectious Disease
CHAPTER 16 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Skin and Eyes
	CASE FILE: A Rash of Symptoms
	16.1 The Skin and Its Defenses
	16.2 Normal Biota of the Skin
	16.3 Skin Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
	Medical Moment: Scabies
	Medical Moment: Scrum Pox: Herpes Gladiatorum
	16.4 The Surface of the Eye and Its Defenses
	16.5 Normal Biota of the Eye
	16.6 Eye Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: C-Section Babies Have a Different Microbiome than Those Delivered Vaginally
CHAPTER 17 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Nervous System
	CASE FILE: Time Is of the Essence
	17.1 The Nervous System and Its Defenses
	17.2 Normal Biota of the Nervous System
	17.3 Nervous System Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
	Medical Moment: Acute Flaccid Myelitis
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: The Gut and the Brain
CHAPTER 18 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
	CASE FILE: Bitten by a Tick
	18.1 The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems and Their Defenses
	18.2 Normal Biota of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
	18.3 Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
	Medical Moment: Postexposure Prophylaxis
	Medical Moment: Where Does the Fluid Go?
	Medical Moment: Ebola Epidemic
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: Does Our Gut Microbiome Train Our Immune System Not to Attack HIV?
CHAPTER 19 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory Systems
	CASE FILE: Very Sick, Very Fast
	Medical Moment: Epiglottitis
	19.1 The Respiratory Tract and Its Defenses
	19.2 Normal Biota of the Respiratory Tract
	19.3 Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
	19.4 Diseases Caused by Microorganisms Affecting Both the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract
	19.5 Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
	Medical Moment: Tuberculosis—A Lesson in Inadequate Treatment
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: Gut Bacteria Involved in Deadly Lung Disease?
CHAPTER 20 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract
	CASE FILE: "Blood and Guts"
	20.1 The Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Defenses
	20.2 Normal Biota of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	Medical Moment: Dehydration
	20.3 Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms (Nonhelminthic)
	Medical Moment: Assessing Jaundice
	20.4 Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases Caused by Helminths
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: Crohn's Disease and the Gut Microbiome
CHAPTER 21 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Genitourinary System
	CASE FILE: It's All in the Walk
	21.1 The Genitourinary Tract and Its Defenses
	21.2 Normal Biota of the Genitourinary Tract
	21.3 Urinary Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
	Medical Moment: Cranberry versus UTI
	21.4 Reproductive Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
	Medical Moment: Crabs
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: Save the World with the Vaginal Microbiome
CHAPTER 22 One Health: The Interconnected Health of the Environment, Humans, and Other Animals By Ronald M. Atlas, University of Louisville, and Marjorie Kelly Cowan
	CASE FILE: Ebola in the Hospital
	22.1 One Health
	22.2 Animals and Infectious Disease: Zoonoses
	22.3 The Environment and Infectious Disease
	Medical Moment: Plastic Bottles for Clean Water
	Medical Moment: Cryptosporidium in Your Tap Water?
	22.4 Microbes to the Rescue
	Case File Wrap-Up
	The Microbiome: Thanks to the Sponge, and Its Microbiome, for Letting Us Breathe
APPENDIX A: Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions in SmartGrid
APPENDIX B: Answers to the Medical Moments and NCLEX® Questions
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