Microbiology for Nurses

Cover
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Unit 1: Introduction
	1. Importance and Relevance of Microbiology to Nursing
	2. Role of a Nurse in Microbiology
	3. Historical Perspective
		3.1 Immunity and Vaccination
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essay
Unit 2: General Characteristics of Microbes
	4. Structure and Classification of Microbes
		4.1 Introduction
			4.1.1 Overview of Prokaryotic Cell Structure
			4.1.2 Overview of Eukaryotic Cell Structure
		4.2 Structure of Prokaryotic Cell
			4.2.1 Intracellular Structures
			4.2.2 Extracellular Structures
		4.3 Shapes of Microbes
			4.3.1 Advantages of Shape to the Cell
		4.4 Structures Involved in Attachment
		4.5 Classification of Microbes
			4.5.1 Scientific Nomenclature (Binomial Nomenclature)
			4.5.2 Taxonomic Hierarchy of Escherichia coli
			4.5.3 Two-Kingdom Classification
			4.5.4 Three-Kingdom System
			4.5.5 Four-Kingdom System
			4.5.6 Five-Kingdom System
			4.5.7 Carl Woese’s Three-Domain System
		4.6 Universal Tree of Life
		4.7 Morphological Classification
		4.8 Nutritional Classification
		4.9 Biochemical Classification
		4.10 Classification Based on Staining Reaction
		4.11 Serological or Antigenic Classification
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
	5. Morphology—Size and Forms
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Bacterial Morphology
			5.2.1 Size of Bacterial Cells
			5.2.2 Shape of Bacterial Cells
			5.2.3 Colony Morphology
		5.3 Microscopy
			5.3.1 Types of Microscopes
		5.4 Anatomy of Bacteria
			5.4.1 Architecture of a Bacterial Cell
			5.4.2 Cell Wall-Deficient Bacteria
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
	6. Flagella and Motility—Hanging Drop Technique
		6.1 Bacterial Motility
			6.1.1 Types of Bacterial Motility
		6.2 Detection of Bacterial Motility
			6.2.1 Flagellar Staining
			6.2.2 Motility Test
			6.2.3 Direct Microscopic Examination
		6.3 Importance of Bacterial Motility
			6.3.1 Chemotactic Behaviour
			6.3.2 Root Colonization
			6.3.3 Pathogenesis
			6.3.4 Twitching Motility
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
	7. Colonization, Nutrition, and Growth of Microbes
		7.1 Colonization of Bacteria
			7.1.1 Invasiveness
			7.1.2 Toxigenesis
			7.1.3 Adherence of Bacteria
			7.1.4 Pathogenicity
			7.1.5 Wound Colonization
		7.2 Microbial Nutrition
			7.2.1 Autotrophic Bacteria
			7.2.2 Heterotrophic Bacteria
			7.2.3 Symbiotic Bacteria
			7.2.4 Parasitic Bacteria
			7.2.5 Major Elements
		7.3 Microbial Growth
			7.3.1 Growth Factors
			7.3.2 Uptake of Nutrients by Bacteria
			7.3.3 Growth Curve
			7.3.4 Continuous Culture
			7.3.5 Synchronous Growth
		7.4 Influence of Environmental Factors on Microbial Growth
			7.4.1 Water Acidity and Solutes
			7.4.2 Temperature
			7.4.3 Oxygen Requirement
			7.4.4 pH
			7.4.5 Pressure
			7.4.6 Radiation
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
	8. Culture Media
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 History of Culture Media
		8.3 Importance of Culture Media
		8.4 Common Components Used in Culture Media
			8.4.1 Agar
			8.4.2 Peptones
			8.4.3 Water
			8.4.4 Extracts
			8.4.5 Body Fluids
		8.5 Classification of Culture Media
			8.5.1 Classification Based on Consistency
			8.5.2 Classification Based on Nutritional Components
			8.5.3 Classification Based on Functional Use
		8.6 Preparation and Storage of Culture Media
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
	9. Laboratory Methods for the Identification of Microorganisms
		9.1 Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)
		9.2 Five I’s in a Microbiology Laboratory
			9.2.1 Inoculation
			9.2.2 Incubation
			9.2.3 Isolation
			9.2.4 Inspection
			9.2.5 Identification
		9.3 Molecular Techniques and Typing
			9.3.1 Species Identification
			9.3.2 Typing
			9.3.3 Genotyping
		9.4 Biochemical Identification Techniques
			9.4.1 Biochemical Tests
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
	10. Staining Techniques
		10.1 Definition and Protocol
			10.1.1 Uses of Stains
			10.1.2 Some Commonly Used Stains
			10.1.3 Staining Bacteria
		10.2 Simple Staining
			10.2.1 Staining of Bacteria from the Colony
			10.2.2 Staining of Bacteria from the Broth
		10.3 Differential Staining
			10.3.1 Gram Staining
			10.3.2 Acid-Fast Staining
			10.3.3 Endospore Staining
			10.3.4 Capsule Staining
			10.3.5 Metachromatic Granule Staining (Albert’s Staining)
			10.3.6 Flagella Staining
			10.3.7 Calcofluor White Staining
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
Unit 3: Infection Control
	11. Sources, Portals, and Transmission of Infections
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Classification of Infections
		11.3 Sources of Infections
			11.3.1 Humans
			11.3.2 Animals
			11.3.3 Insects
			11.3.4 Soil and Water
			11.3.5 Food
		11.4 Portals of Entry and Exit
		11.5 Modes of Transmission of Infections
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
	12. Asepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization—Types and Methods
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Asepsis
			12.2.1 Practice of Aseptic Techniques
		12.3 Sterilization and Disinfection
		12.4 Types of Sterilization
			12.4.1 Physical Sterilization
		12.5 Types of Disinfection
		Conclusion
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
	13. Chemotherapy and Antibiotics
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 History of Antibiotics
		13.3 General Properties of an Ideal Antibiotic
		13.4 Classification of Antibiotics
			13.4.1 Based on Target Organism
			13.4.2 Based on Spectrum of Action
			13.4.3 Based on Cidal and Static Activity
			13.4.4 Based on Origin
			13.4.5 Based on Mode of Action
		13.5 Antifungal Drugs
		13.6 Antiviral Drugs
		13.7 Antiprotozoal Drugs
		13.8 Antibiotic Resistance
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
	14. Standard Safety Measures and Biomedical Waste Management
		14.1 Biomedical Waste Management
			14.1.1 Collection and Segregation of Wastes
			14.1.2 Containment and Labelling
			14.1.3 Transportation
			14.1.4 Treatment of Biomedical Waste
			14.1.5 Disposal
			14.1.6 Record Maintenance
		14.2 Risk Assessment
			14.2.1 Pathogenicity
			14.2.2 Route of Transmission
			14.2.3 Infectious Agent Stability
			14.2.4 Infectious Dose
			14.2.5 Susceptibility of the Host
			14.2.6 Concentration and Volume of the Pathogen
		14.3 Standard Safety Measures
			14.3.1 Containment
			14.3.2 Personal Protective Equipment
			14.3.3 Biological Safety Cabinets
			14.3.4 Facility as a Barrier
			14.3.5 Biosafety Levels
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
	15. Hospital Acquired Infection and Hospital Infection Control Programme
		15.1 Introduction
			15.1.1 Occurrence of Infections
			15.1.2 Microbial Causes
		15.2 Epidemiology of Nosocomial Infections
			15.2.1 Nosocomial Infection Sites
			15.2.2 Urinary Tract Infections
			15.2.3 Surgical Site Infections
			15.2.4 Nosocomial Pneumonia
			15.2.5 Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections
			15.2.6 Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
			15.2.7 Other Nosocomial Infections
		15.3 Infection Control Programmes: Protocols
			15.3.1 National Programmes
			15.3.2 Hospital Programmes
			15.3.3 Infection-Controlling Responsibility
		15.4 Nosocomial Infection Surveillance
			15.4.1 Objectives
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
Unit 4: Pathogenic organisms
	16. Bacteria
		16.1 Staphylococcus
			16.1.1 General Properties
			16.1.2 Cultural Characteristics
			16.1.3 Biochemical Properties
			16.1.4 Mode of Transmission
			16.1.5 Virulence Factor
			16.1.6 Pathogenesis
			16.1.7 Laboratory Diagnosis
			16.1.8 Prevention and Treatment
		16.2 Streptococcus
			16.2.1 Introduction
			16.2.2 General Properties
			16.2.3 Cultural Characteristics
			16.2.4 Biochemical Properties
			16.2.5 Mode of Transmission
			16.2.6 Pathogenesis
			16.2.7 Laboratory Diagnosis
			16.2.8 Treatment
		16.3 Neisseria
			16.3.1 Introduction
			16.3.2 Neisseria gonorrhoeae
			16.3.3 Neisseria meningitidis
		16.4 Corynebacterium
			16.4.1 General Properties
			16.4.2 Cultural Characteristics
			16.4.3 Biochemical Properties
			16.4.4 Mode of Transmission
			16.4.5 Pathogenesis
			16.4.6 Laboratory Diagnosis
			16.4.7 Treatment
		16.5 Enterobacteriaceae
			16.5.1 Introduction
			16.5.2 Escherichia
			16.5.3 Klebsiella
			16.5.4 Proteus
			16.5.5 Shigella
			16.5.6 Salmonella typhi
		16.6 Mycobacterium
			16.6.1 General Properties
			16.6.2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
			16.6.3 Mycobacterium leprae
		16.7 Vibrio cholerae
			16.7.1 General Properties
			16.7.2 Cultural Characteristics
			16.7.3 Biochemical Properties
			16.7.4 Mode of Transmission
			16.7.5 Pathogenesis
			16.7.6 Laboratory Diagnosis
			16.7.7 Prophylaxis and Treatment
		16.8 Spirochaetes
			16.8.1 Introduction
			16.8.2 Size and Structure
			16.8.3 Habitat
		16.9 Mycoplasma
			16.9.1 Introduction
			16.9.2 Morphology and General Characteristics
			16.9.3 Cultural Characteristics
			16.9.4 Biochemical Reactions
			16.9.5 Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
			16.9.6 Antigenic Properties
			16.9.7 Pathogenicity
			16.9.8 Laboratory Diagnosis
			16.9.9 Treatment and Prophylaxis
		16.10 Rickettsia
			16.10.1 General Characteristics
			16.10.2 Cultural Characteristics
			16.10.3 Pathogenesis
			16.10.4 Laboratory Diagnosis
			16.10.5 Treatment
		16.11 Chlamydia
			16.11.1 Classification
			16.11.2 General Characteristics
			16.11.3 Developmental Cycle
			16.11.4 Cultural Characteristics
			16.11.5 Pathogenesis
			16.11.6 Laboratory Diagnosis
			16.11.7 Treatment
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
	17. Viruses
		17.1 General Properties of Viruses
			17.1.1 Introduction
			17.1.2 Structure of Viruses
			17.1.3 Replication of Viruses
			17.1.4 Classification of Viruses
		17.2 Herpesviridae
			17.2.1 Morphology
			17.2.2 Herpes Simplex Virus
			17.2.3 Varicella Zoster Virus
			17.2.4 Epstein–Barr Virus
			17.2.5 Cytomegalovirus
		17.3 Picornaviridae
			17.3.1 Enteroviruses
			17.3.2 Rhinoviruses
			17.3.3 Hepatovirus (Hepatitis A Virus)
		17.4 Rhabdoviridae
			17.4.1 Rabies Virus
			17.4.2 Host Range and Growth Characteristics
			17.4.3 Pathogenesis
			17.4.4 Clinical Features
			17.4.5 Immune Response
			17.4.6 Laboratory Diagnosis
			17.4.7 Post-exposure Treatment and Prophylaxis
			17.4.8 Rabies Vaccine
		17.5 Retroviridae
			17.5.1 Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
			17.5.2 Laboratory Diagnosis
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
	18. Fungi
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Morphological Classification
			18.2.1 Moulds
			18.2.2 Yeasts
			18.2.3 Dimorphic Fungi
		18.3 Taxonomical Classification
		18.4 Cell Wall of Fungi
		18.5 Fungal Reproduction
		18.6 Mycoses
			18.6.1 Superficial Mycosis
			18.6.2 Subcutaneous Mycosis
			18.6.3 Deep Mycosis
			18.6.4 Opportunistic Mycosis
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
	19. Parasites
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Entamoeba histolytica
			19.2.1 Life Cycle
			19.2.2 Pathogenesis
			19.2.3 Laboratory Diagnosis
			19.2.4 Treatment
		19.3 Plasmodium sp.
			19.3.1 Life Cycle
			19.3.2 Pathogenesis
			19.3.3 Laboratory Diagnosis
			19.3.4 Treatment
		19.4 Parasitic Helminths
			19.4.1 Taenia solium
			19.4.2 Wuchereria bancrofti
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
	20. Rodents and Vectors
		20.1 Rodents
			20.1.1 Introduction
			20.1.2 Yersinia pestis
		20.2 Vectors
			20.2.1 Introduction
			20.2.2 Ticks
			20.2.3 Lice
			20.2.4 Mites
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
Unit 5: Immunology
	21. Immunity—Classification
		21.1 Introduction
			21.1.1 Recognition
			21.1.2 Response
		21.2 Types of Immunity
			21.2.1 Innate Immunity
			21.2.2 Adaptive Immunity
		21.3 Cells of the Immune System
			21.3.1 B Lymphocytes
			21.3.2 T Lymphocytes
		21.4 Humoral Immunity
		21.5 Cell-Mediated Immunity
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essay
	22. Antigen and Antibody Reaction
		22.1 Introduction
			22.1.1 Antigens
			22.1.2 Antibodies
		22.2 Antigen–Antibody Interactions
		22.3 Types of Antigen–Antibody Interactions
			22.3.1 Precipitation Reactions
			22.3.2 Agglutination Reactions
			22.3.3 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essays
	23. Hypersensitivity Reaction
		23.1 Introduction
			23.1.1 Allergens
			23.1.2 Inclination to Allergic Reaction
		23.2 Classification of Hypersensitivity Reaction
			23.2.1 Anaphylactic Hypersensitivity
			23.2.2 Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction
			23.2.3 Type III Hypersensitivity Reaction
			23.2.4 Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essay
	24. Serological Tests
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 Precipitation
		24.3 Agglutination
			24.3.1 Widal Test
			24.3.2 Anti-Streptolysin O Test
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essay
	25. Immunoprophylaxis
		25.1 Introduction
		25.2 Active and Passive Immunity
		25.3 Adjuvants
			25.3.1 Functions of Adjuvants
		25.4 Vaccines and Its Types
			25.4.1 Live or Attenuated Vaccine
			25.4.2 Killed Vaccines
			25.4.3 Recombinant Subunit Vaccine
			25.4.4 Conjugate Vaccine
			25.4.5 Toxoid
		25.5 Vaccination Schedule
		25.6 Current Approaches in Vaccines
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Short Notes
		Essay
Glossary
Illustrations
Index