Microbiology for Cleaner Production and Environmental Sustainability

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Foreword
Acknowledgements
About the Editors
Contributors
Section I: Microorganisms in Cleaner Production
	Chapter 1 Production and Commercial Significance of Biosurfactants
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Discovery of Biosurfactants
		1.3 Properties of Biosurfactants
		1.4 Types of Biosurfactants
			1.4.1 Glycolipid Biosurfactants
				1.4.1.1 Rhamnolipids
				1.4.1.2 Trehalose Lipids
				1.4.1.3 Sophorolipids
			1.4.2 Lipopeptide and Lipoprotein Biosurfactants
			1.4.3 Fatty Acid, Phospholipid, and Neutral Lipid Biosurfactants
			1.4.4 Polymeric Biosurfactants
			1.4.5 Particulate Biosurfactants
		1.5 Uses of Biosurfactants
			1.5.1 Cosmetics Industry
			1.5.2 Pharmaceutical Industry
			1.5.3 Food Industry
			1.5.4 Petroleum Industry
				1.5.4.1 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR)
				1.5.4.2 Emulsified Fuel Formulations
				1.5.4.3 Biocide and Anticorrosive
			1.5.5 Biomining
				1.5.5.1 Biodesulfurization
				1.5.5.2 Bioflotation
			1.5.6 Wastewater Industry
			1.5.7 Agriculture Industry
			1.5.8 Textile Industry
			1.5.9 Environmental Remediation
				1.5.9.1 Oil Spill Bioremediation
				1.5.9.2 Metal Bioremediation
				1.5.9.3 Degradation of Antibiotics
				1.5.9.4 Soil Washing
			1.5.10 Other Industries
		1.6 Producers and Production Methods
			1.6.1 Producer Microbes of Biosurfactants
			1.6.2 Conventional Methods of Production
				1.6.2.1 Media Formulation in the Production of Biosurfactants
				1.6.2.2 Alternative Eco-Friendly and Low-Cost Substrates
			1.6.3 Alternative Favorable Strategies for Biosurfactant Production
				1.6.3.1 Solid-State Fermentation Process
				1.6.3.2 Biosurfactant Coproduction
				1.6.3.3 Immobilization Process
				1.6.3.4 The use of Nanotechnology
				1.6.3.5 Enzymatic Synthesis of Biosurfactants
			1.6.4 Overproduction Strategies for Biosurfactant Production
				1.6.4.1 Modifying of Media to Increase Specific Yield
				1.6.4.2 Use Different Fermentation Modes
				1.6.4.3 Genetic Engineering Strategies
		1.7 Discovery of Novel Biosurfactants
		1.8 Industrial-Scale Production and Challenges From Lab to Market
			1.8.1 Market and Forecast
			1.8.2 Patents and Companies for Biosurfactant Production
		1.9 Future Trends
		1.10 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 2 Microalgae Proteins as a Sustainable Food Supply
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Microalgae Protein Production as a Sustainable Approach
		2.3 Protein Quality of Microalgae Biomass
		2.4 Applications and Microalgae Protein Properties (Recent Research)
		2.5 Challenges and Future Trends
		2.6 Final Considerations
		References
	Chapter 3 Microbial Production of Acetic Acid
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Microorganisms that Produce Acetic Acid
			3.2.1 Aerobics
			3.2.2 Anaerobic
		3.3 Production of Acetic Acid
			3.3.1 Two Stages From Ethanol
			3.3.2 Wood–Ljungdahl Trail
				3.3.2.1 The Wood–Ljungdahl Pathway is Described as Follows
			3.3.3 The Glycine Synthase Route is One Way to Get Glycine
		3.4 Processes of Fermentation
			3.4.1 The Method of Orleans
			3.4.2 The Generator Method is Used to Produce Acetic Acid
			3.4.3 Method of Submersion
			3.4.4 Fermentation of Immobilised Cells
		3.5 Purification and Product Recovery
			3.5.1 Extraction of Liquid-Liquid Method
			3.5.2 Adsorption
			3.5.3 Precipitation
			3.5.4 Distillation
			3.5.5 Reactive Distillation
			3.5.6 Membrane Processes Method
			3.5.7 In Situ Method of Product Removal
		3.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 4 Conventional and Green Pharmaceutical Products – a Review
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 What are Active Pharmacological Ingredients?
		4.3 Transformation Products, Metabolites, and Parent Compounds
		4.4 Resources for Environmentally Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
		4.5 Fate and Occurrence in the Environment
		4.6 Effects
		4.7 Risks and Hazards
		4.8 Assessing Risk
		4.9 Sustainable and Green Pharmacy
		References
	Chapter 5 Green Pharmaceutical Production and its Benefits for Sustainability
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Production Process and Discharge of Pollutants From Pharmaceutical Production
			5.2.1 Production Process
				5.2.1.1 Production of Dosage Forms
				5.2.1.2 Production of Bulk Drugs
				5.2.1.3 Production of Antibiotics
				5.2.1.4 Production of Biological
			5.2.2 Unit Operations
				5.2.2.1 Drying
				5.2.2.2 Size Reduction
				5.2.2.3 Distillation
				5.2.2.4 Evaporation
				5.2.2.5 Solvent Extraction
				5.2.2.6 Powder Blending
				5.2.2.7 Milling
				5.2.2.8 Granulation
				5.2.2.9 Hot Melt Extrusion
			5.2.3 Raw Materials
				5.2.3.1 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
				5.2.3.2 Inactive Ingredients or Excipients
				5.2.3.3 Packaging Raw Materials
			5.2.4 Discharge of Pollutants by Pharmaceutical Industries
		5.3 Strategies for Green Production and Benefits for Sustainability
			5.3.1 Environmental Benefits From Green Production
			5.3.2 Social Benefits From Green Production
				5.3.2.1 Public Health Benefits
			5.3.3 Green Production Strategies and Economic Benefits
		5.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
			5.4.1 Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 6 Current Trends in Microbial Production of Citric Acid, Applications, and Perspectives
		6.1 Introduction
			6.1.1 Background of Citric Acid
		6.2 Citric Acid-Producing Microorganisms
			6.2.1 Microorganisms
		6.3 Improvements to Citric Acid-Producing Strains
		6.4 Pretreatment and Substrates
		6.5 Citric Acid Production From a Biochemical Perspective
		6.6 Production of Citric Acid
			6.6.1 Surface Fermentation
			6.6.2 Submerged Fermentation
			6.6.3 Solid-State Fermentation
		6.7 Citric Acid Recovery
		6.8 Factors Affecting the Production of Citric Acid
		6.9 Citric Acid Production Through Metabolic Engineering
		6.10 Citric Acid\'s New Applications
		6.11 Citric Acid\'s Economic Benefits
		6.12 Perspectives for the Future
		6.13 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7 Anaerobic Microbial Communities for Bioenergy Production
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Anaerobic Digestion
		7.3 Fermentative Hydrogen Production
		7.4 Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol Fermentation
		7.5 Syngas Fermentation
		7.6 Bioelectrochemical Systems
		7.7 Photo-Fermentation by Purple Non-Sulphur Bacteria
		7.8 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 8 Applications of Microbially Synthesised Nanoparticles in Food Sciences
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Nanoparticle Synthesis Via Microbiological Strains
		8.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Bacteria
		8.4 Actinomycetes Synthesise Nanoparticles
		8.5 Fungi-Based Nanoparticle Synthesis
		8.6 Yeast-Based Nanoparticle Synthesis
		8.7 Algae-Based Nanoparticle Synthesis
		8.8 Viral Nanoparticle Synthesis
		8.9 Food Processing with Nanotechnology
		8.10 Food\'s Texture, Taste, and Appearance
		8.11 Nutritional Value
		8.12 The Shelf-Life or Preservation
		8.13 Packaging for Food Using Nanotechnology
		8.14 Nanosensors for Pathogen Detection
		8.15 Aspects of Related Safety Concerns, Health Risks, and Regulatory Aspects
		8.16 Constraints in Technology and Difficulties
		8.17 Commercialisation Potential and Future Opportunities
		8.18 Conclusions
		References
Section II: Understanding Microbiology for Environmental Sustainability
	Chapter 9 Understanding the Soil Microbiome: Perspectives for Environmental Bioremediation
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Role of Microbes in Environmental Remediation
			9.2.1 Role of Bacteria in Remediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
			9.2.2 Role of Fungi in Remedy of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
			9.2.3 Effect of Bacteria in Remedy of Polychlorinated Biphenyl
			9.2.4 Influence of Fungi in Remediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl
		9.3 Degradation of Organophosphate Pesticides by Bacteria
		9.4 Degradation of Organophosphate Pesticides by Fungi
		9.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 10 Sensory Mechanism in Bacteria for Xenobiotics Utilization
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Bacterial Sensory Mechanisms for Xenobiotics
		10.3 Classes of Sensory Mechanisms in Bacteria for Detecting Xenobiotics
		10.4 Canonical Sensory Mechanism in Bacteria
		10.5 Non-Canonical Sensory Mechanism in Bacteria
		10.6 Xenobiotics Receptors in Bacteria
			10.6.1 Characterization of Sensory Signals
		10.7 Metabolism of the Target Xenobiotics
		10.8 Applications of Sensory Mechanisms in Bacteria for Xenobiotics
		10.9 Detection of Xenobiotic Compounds
		10.10 Analysis of Chemotaxis of Bacteria to Xenobiotics
		10.11 Prognosis of the Evolution of Bacteria
		10.12 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11 Biofilms: Recent Advances in Bioremediation
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Biofilms and Bioremediations
			11.2.1 The Importance of Biofilms in the Removal of Heavy Metals From the Environment
			11.2.2 The Importance of Biofilms in the Removal of Hydrocarbons From the Environment
			11.2.3 The Importance of Chemotaxis in Both the Process of Biodegradation and the Creation of Biofilm
			11.2.4 The Importance of Biofilms in Field of Agriculture
		11.3 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12 Extracellular Enzymatic Activity of Bacteria in Aquatic Ecosystems
		12.1 Introduction
			12.1.1 Difference Between Intracellular and Extracellular Enzymes
			12.1.2 Similarities and Difference Between Intracellular and Extracellular Enzymes
		12.2 Extracellular Enzymatic and Activity
			12.2.1 Factors Influencing Extracellular Enzyme Activity
			12.2.2 Extracellular Enzyme Activity in Fungi During Plant Decomposition
		12.3 Natures of Extracellular Enzymes/Enzymatic Activity
			12.3.1 Abiotic Drivers
			12.3.2 Biotic Drivers
			12.3.3 Freshwater Systems
			12.3.4 Structuring Factors Across Environments: The Same or Different?
		12.4 Aquatic Bacteriology
			12.4.1 Effect of Enzymatic Activity on Aquatic Ecosystem
		12.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13 Microbial Biomass and Activity, Enzyme Activities, and Microbial Community Composition: Long-Term Effects of Aided Phytostabilization of Trace Elements
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Microbial Biomass and Activity
		13.3 Enzymatic Activities
		13.4 Microbial Community Composition
		13.5 Phytostabilization of Trace Elements
			13.5.1 Effect of Aided Phytostabilization of Trace Element
			13.5.2 Tolerance Mechanisms of Grasses to Trace Element Toxicity
			13.5.3 The Effect of Root Exudates on Trace Element Availability and Uptake
		13.6 Conclusion
		References
Section III: Microbial Remediation
	Chapter 14 Remediation Approaches in Environmental Sustainability
		14.1 Introduction
			14.1.1 Some of the Factor Responsible for Global Megatrends Include
		14.2 Environmental Pollution
			14.2.1 Causes of Environmental Pollution
				14.2.1.1 Population Expansion
				14.2.1.2 General Wealth and Economic Expansion
				14.2.1.3 Modern Technology
				14.2.1.4 Deforestation
				14.2.1.5 Industrial Development
				14.2.1.6 Urbanization
		14.3 Classes of Remediation Technology
			14.3.1 Physical Processes
				14.3.1.1 Vapor or Gaseous Extraction
				14.3.1.2 Surface Capping
				14.3.1.3 Electro-Kinetic Remediation
			14.3.2 Chemical Processes
				14.3.2.1 Soil Washing
				14.3.2.2 Stabilization and Solidification
				14.3.2.3 Nanotechnology
			14.3.3 Biological Process
				14.3.3.1 Bioaugmentation
				14.3.3.2 Bioventilation or Bioventing
				14.3.3.3 Vermiremediation
				14.3.3.4 Biostimulation
				14.3.3.5 Phytoremediation
				14.3.3.6 Phytodegradation
				14.3.3.7 Phytoextration
				14.3.3.8 Phytostabilization
				14.3.3.9 Phytovolatization
				14.3.3.10 Rhizodegradation
			14.3.4 Thermal Process
				14.3.4.1 Thermal Desorption
				14.3.4.2 Vitrification
			14.3.5 Combined Processes
		14.4 An insight to Green Remediation Technology in Environmental Sustainability
		14.5 Remediation Technology an Intervention to Global Warming
		14.6 Summary
		References
	Chapter 15 Algae for Plastic Biodegradation: Emerging Approach in Mitigating Marine Pollution
		15.1 Introduction
			15.1.1 A Summary of Microplastic Contamination in Marine Habitats
			15.1.2 Bioavailability and Toxicity on Primary Producers
			15.1.3 Bioavailability and Microplastic Toxicity on Marine Consumer Population
			15.1.4 Sediments
		15.2 Role of Algae and Microalgae in Plastic and Microplastic Biodegradation
			15.2.1 Frontline Algae and Microalgae and their Mechanisms for Plastic Degradation
			15.2.2 Algae for Bioplastic Preparation
		15.3 Future Research Direction and Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 16 Bioremediation of Dye
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Classification of Dyes
			16.2.1 Classification Based on Source
			16.2.2 Classification Based on Chemical Structures/Applications
		16.3 Chemical Structure of Azo and Anthraquinone Dyes
			16.3.1 Azo Dyes
			16.3.2 Anthraquinone Dyes
		16.4 Industrial Discharge of Dye to the Environment
		16.5 Environmental Impact of Dyes
		16.6 Regulations Governing dye Discharge to the Environment
			16.6.1 Chemical Methods of Dye Contamination Remediation
			16.6.2 Physical Method for Dye Contamination Remediation
			16.6.3 Biological Techniques of Dye Contamination Remediation
		16.7 The Concept of Bioremediation of Dye Contaminated Environments
		16.8 Microorganisms Involved in Bioremediation of Dye
			16.8.1 Bacteria
			16.8.2 Algae and Cyanobacteria
		16.9 Mechanism of Dye Bioremediation
			16.9.1 Aerobic Mechanism of Bioremediation
			16.9.2 Anaerobic Mechanism of Bioremediation
			16.9.3 Consortia of Aerobic and Anaerobic Mechanisms
		16.10 Advantages and Limitations of Bioremediation of Dye
		16.11 Factors Influencing Dye Bioremediation
			16.11.1 The Nature of the Dye
			16.11.2 Nature of the Environment
			16.11.3 Type of Organism Involved
			16.11.4 Availability of Nutrient
		16.12 Future Advances in Dye Bioremediation
		References
	Chapter 17 Recent Advancements in the Bioremediation of Heavy Metals From the Polluted Environment by Novel Microorganisms
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Environmental Occurrence of Heavy Metals
			17.2.1 Arsenic (AS)
			17.2.2 Cadmium (Cd)
			17.2.3 Chromium (Cr)
			17.2.4 Lead (Pb)
			17.2.5 Mercury (Hg)
			17.2.6 Nickel (Ni)
			17.2.7 Zinc (Zn)
			17.2.8 Copper (Cu)
		17.3 Heavy Metal Toxicity Toward Microbes
		17.4 Microbial Resistance Mechanisms Against Heavy Metals
		17.5 Fungal Bioremediation of Heavy Metal
		17.6 Consortia of Microbes in Remediation of Heavy Metals
		17.7 Phycoremediation
		17.8 Microbe-Mediated Nanobioremediation of Heavy Metals
			17.8.1 Molecular and Genetic Basis of Metal Tolerance in Microorganisms
			17.8.2 Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms
		References
	Chapter 18 Bioremediation Approaches for Treatment of Heavy Metals, Pesticides and Antibiotics From the Environment
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Remediation of Heavy Metals by Bacteria
		18.3 Remediation of Heavy Metals by Fungi
		18.4 Remediation of Pyrethroids by Bacteria
		18.5 Remediation of Pyrethroids by Fungi
		18.6 Remediation of Fungicides by Bacteria
		18.7 Remediation of Antibiotics by Bacteria
		18.8 Remediation of Antibiotics by Fungi
		18.9 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 19 Current Advanced Technological Tools for the Bioremediation of Pesticides
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Bioremediation Affecting Factors
			19.2.1 Moisture Level
			19.2.2 Oxygen Concentration and Nutrient Availability
			19.2.3 pH
			19.2.4 Temperature
		19.3 Concerns About Pesticides
			19.3.1 Pesticides have a Long-Term Effect
			19.3.2 Pesticides and their Consequences
		19.4 Pesticide Biodegradation in Soil
		19.5 Bioremediation Techniques
		19.6 In Situ Bioremediation
			19.6.1 In Situ Treatments
				19.6.1.1 Bioventing
				19.6.1.2 Biosparging
				19.6.1.3 Bioaugmentation
		19.7 Ex Situ Bioremediation
			19.7.1 Landfarming
			19.7.2 Biopiling
			19.7.3 Composting
			19.7.4 Bioreactors
			19.7.5 Precipitation or Flocculation
			19.7.6 Microfiltration
			19.7.7 Electro Dialysis
		19.8 Pesticide Degradation by Bacteria and Fungi
		19.9 Phytoremediation
			19.9.1 Phytoextraction
			19.9.2 Rhizofiltration
			19.9.3 Phytostabilisation
			19.9.4 Phytodegradation (Phytotransformation)
			19.9.5 Phytovolatilisation
				19.9.5.1 Riparian Buffer Strips
				19.9.5.2 Plants Cap
		19.10 Rhizoremediation
		19.11 Pesticide Degradation Through Genetics
		19.12 Bioremediation of Pesticides Through Genetic Engineering
		19.13 Genomic and Functional Genomics Applications
			19.13.1 Metagenomics applications in pesticides bioremediation
			19.13.2 Functional Genomics Applications in Pesticide Bioremediation
		19.14 Immobilisation of Case Cells as a Strategy for Improving Pesticide Breakdown Efficiency
		19.15 Advantages of Pesticides Bioremediation
		19.16 Disadvantages of Pesticides Bioremediation
		19.17 Finally, Some Thoughts
		References
	Chapter 20 Microbial Remediation of Agricultural Soils Contaminated with Agrochemicals
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Agrochemicals Fate in Agricultural Soil
		20.3 Pesticide\'s Bioavailability for Microorganisms
			20.3.1 Biosurfactants
			20.3.2 Technologies Involved in Bioremediation
		20.4 Microbial Degradation Mechanisms
			20.4.1 Microorganisms Used in Bioremediation
		20.5 Application of Microbial Remediation
			20.5.1 Natural Attenuation
			20.5.2 Biostimulation
			20.5.3 Bioaugmentation
			20.5.4 Bioventing
			20.5.5 Biosparging
			20.5.6 Bioreactors
			20.5.7 Composting
		20.6 Conclusion
		References
Index