Microbiology

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 An Invisible World
	Introduction
	1.1 What Our Ancestors Knew
	1.2 A Systematic Approach
	1.3 Types of Microorganisms
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 2 How We See the Invisible World
	Introduction
	2.1 The Properties of Light
	2.2 Peering Into the Invisible World
	2.3 Instruments of Microscopy
	2.4 Staining Microscopic Specimens
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 3 The Cell
	Introduction
	3.1 Spontaneous Generation
	3.2 Foundations of Modern Cell Theory
	3.3 Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells
	3.4 Unique Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 4 Prokaryotic Diversity
	Introduction
	4.1 Prokaryote Habitats, Relationships, and Microbiomes
	4.2 Proteobacteria
	4.3 Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria and Phototrophic Bacteria
	4.4 Gram-Positive Bacteria
	4.5 Deeply Branching Bacteria
	4.6 Archaea
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 5 The Eukaryotes of Microbiology
	Introduction
	5.1 Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites
	5.2 Parasitic Helminths
	5.3 Fungi
	5.4 Algae
	5.5 Lichens
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 6 Acellular Pathogens
	Introduction
	6.1 Viruses
	6.2 The Viral Life Cycle
	6.3 Isolation, Culture, and Identification of Viruses
	6.4 Viroids, Virusoids, and Prions
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 7 Microbial Biochemistry
	Introduction
	7.1 Organic Molecules
	7.2 Carbohydrates
	7.3 Lipids
	7.4 Proteins
	7.5 Using Biochemistry to Identify Microorganisms
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 8 Microbial Metabolism
	Introduction
	8.1 Energy, Matter, and Enzymes
	8.2 Catabolism of Carbohydrates
	8.3 Cellular Respiration
	8.4 Fermentation
	8.5 Catabolism of Lipids and Proteins
	8.6 Photosynthesis
	8.7 Biogeochemical Cycles
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 9 Microbial Growth
	Introduction
	9.1 How Microbes Grow
	9.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth
	9.3 The Effects of pH on Microbial Growth
	9.4 Temperature and Microbial Growth
	9.5 Other Environmental Conditions that Affect Growth
	9.6 Media Used for Bacterial Growth
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 10 Biochemistry of the Genome
	Introduction
	10.1 Using Microbiology to Discover the Secrets of Life
	10.2 Structure and Function of DNA
	10.3 Structure and Function of RNA
	10.4 Structure and Function of Cellular Genomes
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 11 Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics
	Introduction
	11.1 The Functions of Genetic Material
	11.2 DNA Replication
	11.3 RNA Transcription
	11.4 Protein Synthesis (Translation)
	11.5 Mutations
	11.6 How Asexual Prokaryotes Achieve Genetic Diversity
	11.7 Gene Regulation: Operon Theory
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 12 Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics
	Introduction
	12.1 Microbes and the Tools of Genetic Engineering
	12.2 Visualizing and Characterizing DNA, RNA, and Protein
	12.3 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering
	12.4 Gene Therapy
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 13 Control of Microbial Growth
	Introduction
	13.1 Controlling Microbial Growth
	13.2 Using Physical Methods to Control Microorganisms
	13.3 Using Chemicals to Control Microorganisms
	13.4 Testing the Effectiveness of Antiseptics and Disinfectants
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 14 Antimicrobial Drugs
	Introduction
	14.1 History of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Discovery
	14.2 Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
	14.3 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Drugs
	14.4 Mechanisms of Other Antimicrobial Drugs
	14.5 Drug Resistance
	14.6 Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials
	14.7 Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 15 Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
	Introduction
	15.1 Characteristics of Infectious Disease
	15.2 How Pathogens Cause Disease
	15.3 Virulence Factors of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens
	15.4 Virulence Factors of Eukaryotic Pathogens
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 16 Disease and Epidemiology
	Introduction
	16.1 The Language of Epidemiologists
	16.2 Tracking Infectious Diseases
	16.3 Modes of Disease Transmission
	16.4 Global Public Health
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 17 Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses
	Introduction
	17.1 Physical Defenses
	17.2 Chemical Defenses
	17.3 Cellular Defenses
	17.4 Pathogen Recognition and Phagocytosis
	17.5 Inflammation and Fever
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 18 Adaptive Specific Host Defenses
	Introduction
	18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity
	18.2 Major Histocompatibility Complexes and Antigen-Presenting Cells
	18.3 T Lymphocytes and Cellular Immunity
	18.4 B Lymphocytes and Humoral Immunity
	18.5 Vaccines
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 19 Diseases of the Immune System
	Introduction
	19.1 Hypersensitivities
	19.2 Autoimmune Disorders
	19.3 Organ Transplantation and Rejection
	19.4 Immunodeficiency
	19.5 Cancer Immunobiology and Immunotherapy
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 20 Laboratory Analysis of the Immune Response
	Introduction
	20.1 Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody Production
	20.2 Detecting Antigen-Antibody Complexes
	20.3 Agglutination Assays
	20.4 EIAs and ELISAs
	20.5 Fluorescent Antibody Techniques
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 21 Skin and Eye Infections
	Introduction
	21.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Eyes
	21.2 Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes
	21.3 Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes
	21.4 Mycoses of the Skin
	21.5 Protozoan and Helminthic Infections of the Skin and Eyes
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 22 Respiratory System Infections
	Introduction
	22.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract
	22.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract
	22.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract
	22.4 Respiratory Mycoses
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 23 Urogenital System Infections
	Introduction
	23.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract
	23.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System
	23.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System
	23.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System
	23.5 Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System
	23.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 24 Digestive System Infections
	Introduction
	24.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System
	24.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity
	24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	24.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	24.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	24.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 25 Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections
	Introduction
	25.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
	25.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
	25.3 Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
	25.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 26 Nervous System Infections
	Introduction
	26.1 Anatomy of the Nervous System
	26.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
	26.3 Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System
	26.4 Fungal and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System
	Summary
	Review Questions
Appendix A Fundamentals of Physics and Chemistry Important to Microbiology
	Atomic Structure
	Chemical Elements
	Chemical Bonds
	Molecular Formula, Molecular Mass, and the Mole
	Energy
	Chemical Reactions
	Properties of Water and Solutions
	Acids and Bases
Appendix B Mathematical Basics
	Squares and Other Powers
	Calculating Percents
	Multiplying and Dividing by Tens
	Scientific Notation
	Expressing Numbers in Scientific Notation
	Logarithms
	Rounding and Significant Digits
	Generation Time
	Most Probable Number
Appendix C Metabolic Pathways
	Glycolysis
	Entner–Doudoroff Pathway
	The Pentose-Phosphate Pathway
	TCA Cycle
	Beta Oxidation
	Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
	Calvin-Benson Cycle
Appendix D Taxonomy of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms
	Bacterial Pathogens
	Viral Pathogens
	Fungal Pathogens
	Protozoan Pathogens
	Parasitic Helminths
Appendix E Glossary
Answer Key
	Chapter 1
	Chapter 2
	Chapter 3
	Chapter 4
	Chapter 5
	Chapter 6
	Chapter 7
	Chapter 8
	Chapter 9
	Chapter 10
	Chapter 11
	Chapter 12
	Chapter 13
	Chapter 14
	Chapter 15
	Chapter 16
	Chapter 17
	Chapter 18
	Chapter 19
	Chapter 20
	Chapter 21
	Chapter 22
	Chapter 23
	Chapter 24
	Chapter 25
	Chapter 26
Index
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