Microbial Synthesis of Nanomaterials

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Introduction to Nanomaterials:  Types, Characteristics, and Biosynthesis
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials
	3. Classification of Nanomaterials
		3.1. Organic-Based Nanomaterials
		3.2. Inorganic-Based Nanomaterials
		3.3. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		3.4. Nanocomposites
	4. Properties of Nanoparticles
		4.1. Mechanical Properties
		4.2. Optical Properties
		4.3. Magnetic Properties
		4.4. Thermal Properties
		4.5. Catalytic Properties
	5. Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis
		5.1. Biological Method: Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		5.2. Synthesis from Plants
		5.3. Synthesis from Fungi
		5.4. Synthesis from Actinomycetes
		5.5. Synthesis from Bacteria
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2
Nanomaterials Synthesis via Ionic Liquids
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Role of ILs in Nanomaterials Synthesis
		1.2. Ionic Liquid (IL) as a Solvent and Structure  Controlling Agent (Surfactant)
		1.3. Ionic Liquid as a Reaction Partner
	2. IL-Assisted Synthesis Methods  for Preparation of Nanomaterials
		2.1. IL-Assisted Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis Method
		2.2. IL-Assisted Microwave Synthesis Method
		2.3. Ionic Liquid (IL)-Assisted Micro-Emulsion Synthesis Method
		2.4. IL-Assisted Sonochemical Method
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Biographical Sketch
Chapter 3
Biogenic Synthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles by Microbes
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Nanobiotechnology for Green Synthesis  of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles
	3. Synthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles  by Green Method Using Microbes
		3.1. Algal Synthesis (Phycosynthesis) of Silver and Gold NPs
		3.2. Actinomycetes Synthesis of Silver and Gold NPs
		3.3. Bacterial Synthesis of Silver and Gold NPs
		3.4. Myxobacterial Synthesis of Silver and Gold NPs
		3.5. Fungal Synthesis (Mycosynthesis) of Silver and Gold NPs
		3.6. Yeast-Mediated Synthesis of Silver and Gold NPs
	4. Advantages of Green Methods over the Conventional/Chemical Methods
	5. Future Prospects
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4
Green Synthesis of Sulfur  and Aluminum Oxide Nanomaterials
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Different Method of Sulfur Nanomaterials Sysnthesis
	3. Green Synthesis Approach for Sulfur Nanoparticles
	4. Green Synthesis Approach  for Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles
	5. Characterization of Nanoparticles
	6. Antimicrobial Application of Nanoparticles
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5
Copper, Copper Oxide, and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis by Green Methods
	Abstract
	1. Introduction: Green Synthesis of NPs
	2. Concept of Green Chemistry
	3. Bioinspired Green Synthesis of NPs
		3.1. Synthesis of NPs Using Bacteria
		3.2. Synthesis of NPs Using Fungi
		3.3. Plant-Based Fabrication of NPs
		3.4. Algal-Based Synthesis of NPs
	4. Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Cu-NPs
	5. Phyto-Synthesis of CuO NPs
	6. Plant Mediated Green Synthesis of ZnO-NPs
	7. Pure Phytochemical Mediated Synthesis of Cu-NPs, CuO-NPs, AND ZnO-NPs
		7.1. Terpenoids
		7.2. Phenolic Compounds
		7.3. Flavanoids
		7.4. Organic Acids
		7.5. Plant Proteins and Polysaccharides
		7.6. Mechanism of Cu-NPs, CuO-NPs, and ZnO-NPs Synthesis
	8. Factors Affecting the Green Synthesis  of Cu-NPs, CuO-NPs, AND ZnO-NPs
		8.1. pH
		8.2. Reaction Temperature
		8.3. Concentration of Plant Extract
		8.4. Reaction Time
		8.5. Significance of Green Synthesis
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6
Green Synthesis of Platinum, Palladium  and Magnetic Nanoparticles
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. What Is Green Synthesis?
	3. Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		3.1. Platinum Nanoparticles (PtNPs)
		3.2. Palladium Nanoparticles (PdNPs)
		3.3. Magnetic Nanoparticles
	4. Factors Affecting Green Synthesis
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7
Biogenic Synthesis of Silicon Oxide, Titanium Oxide and Cerium Oxide Nanomaterials
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Biogenic Synthesis of Silicon Oxide  Nanoparticles (SiO2NPs)
		2.1. Microbial Synthesis of SiO2NPs
		2.2. Phytosynthesis of SiO2NPs
			2.2.1. From Rice Husk
			2.2.2. From Sugar Beet Bagasse
			2.2.3. From Bamboo
	3. Biogenic Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide  Nanoparticles (TiO2NPs)
		3.1. Microorganism-Mediated Synthesis of TiO2NPs
		3.2. Phytosynthesis of TiO2NPs
		3.3. Bioproduct-Meditated Synthesis of TiO2NPs
	4. Biosynthesis of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles (CeO2NPs)
		4.1. Green Synthesis from Microbes
		4.2. Phytosynthesis of CeO2NPs
		4.3. Bioproduct-Mediated Synthesis of CeO2NPs
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8
Application of Nanomaterials in Agriculture and Environment Management
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Nanoparticles
	3. Nanomaterials
	4. Production of Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles
	5. Application of Nanomaterials in Agriculture
		5.1. Nanomaterials Use for Sustainable Agriculture
		5.2. Nanomaterials Use in Precision Farming
		5.3. Nanomaterial Use in Plant Protection
		5.4. Nanomaterial Based Fertilizers Use in Agriculture
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 9
Role of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Food Packaging
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticle:  Relevance in Present Scenario
	3. Biological Entities Act as Bioreactor for Synthesis  of Metal/Metal-Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis
	4. Nanotechnology: A New Frontier in Food Industry
		4.1. Green Fabrigation of Gold  Nano-Composites for Active Packaging
		4.2. Application of Green Technology in Smart Packaging
			4.2.1. Relevance of Green Technology in Smart/ Intelligent Packaging
			4.2.2. Limitation of Wide Scale Applicability of Smart Packaging Tools
		4.3. Role of Green Synthesis of Nanoparticle in Bio-Based Packaging
	5. Advantages
	6. Safety Concerns and Regulations
	Conclusion and Future Prospectives
	References
Chapter 10
Biological Synthesis of Nanofertilizer  and their Effects on Crop Health
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Synthesis of Nanofertilizers
	3. Intracellular Mechanism  of Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	4. Extracellular Mechanism of Microbial  Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	5. Mechanism of Action
	6. Shortcomings
	Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 11
Application of Nanomaterials in Medicine, Pharmaceutical, and Cosmetics Industries
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Nanomaterials
		1.2. Types of Nanomaterials
			1.2.1. Origin Based Classification
				1.2.1.1. Natural Nanomaterials
				1.2.1.2. Incidental Nanomaterials
				1.2.1.3. Engineered Nanomaterials
			1.2.2. Material Based Classification
				1.2.2.1. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
				1.2.2.2. Inorganic-Based Nanomaterials
				1.2.2.3. Organic-Based Nanomaterials
				1.2.2.4. Composite-Based Nanomaterials
			1.2.3. Classification Based on Their Dimensions
		1.3. Properties of Nanomaterials
			1.3.1. Electronic and Optical Properties
			1.3.2. Thermal Properties
			1.3.3. Magnetic Properties
			1.3.4. Mechanical Properties
	2. Applications of Nanomaterials  in Medicine and Pharmaceuticals
		2.1. Biomedical Imaging
			2.1.1. Nanomaterials for Biomedical Imaging
				2.1.1.1. Gold Nanoparticles
				2.1.1.2. Quantum Dots
				2.1.1.3. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
				2.1.1.4. Carbon Nanotubes
				2.1.1.5. Miscellaneous Nanomaterials
			2.1.2. Nanomaterial Based Biomedical Imaging Techniques
				2.1.2.1. Optical Imaging
				2.1.2.2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
				2.1.2.3. Ultrasound Imaging (USI)
				2.1.2.4. Radionuclide Imaging (RI)
				2.1.2.5. Miscellaneous
		2.2. Application of Nanoparticles in Vaccine Designing
		2.3. Application of Nanoparticles in Auto-Immune Disease
		2.4. The Application of Nanomaterials in Disease Therapy
			2.4.1. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
			2.4.2. Photothermal Therapy (PTT)
			2.4.3. Magnetic Hyperthermia
			2.4.4. Sonodynamic Therapy
			2.4.5. Cryosurgery (CS)
			2.4.6. Miscellaneous
		2.5. The Implementation of Nanoformulations in Medicines
			2.5.1. Drug Targeting
			2.5.2. Controlled Drug Release
			2.5.3. Multi Drug Resistance
			2.5.4. Multifunctional Nanocarriers
			2.5.5. Miscellaneous
		2.6. Tissue Engineering
			2.6.1. Bone
			2.6.2. Cartilages
			2.6.3. Nerves
			2.6.4. Miscellaneous
	3. Types of Nanomaterials Used in Cosmetics
		3.1. Important Advantages of Nanocosmetics (Felippi et al., 2012)
		3.2. Soft Particles
			3.2.1. Micelles
			3.2.2. Cubic Phases
			3.2.3. Nanoemulsion
			3.2.4. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
			3.2.5. Hexagonal Phases
			3.2.6. Vesicular Systems
		3.3. Rigid Particles
			3.3.1. Silver and Gold Nanoparticles
			3.3.2. Metal Oxides
			3.3.3. Silica
			3.3.4. Miscellaneous
		3.4. Active Ingredients as Nanomaterials
		3.5. Application of Nanoparticles in Cosmetics
			3.5.1. Sunscreens
			3.5.2. Hair Products
			3.5.3. Skincare Products
		3.6. Safety Concern about Nanomaterials
		3.7. Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Cosmetics
		3.8. Marketed Nanoparticulate Formulation in Cosmetics Industry
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12
Risk Issues and Toxicity Studies  of Nanomaterials Application
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Nanomaterial Design Consideration
		1.2. Nanotechnology Promises
		1.3. Nanomaterials Used in Medicine
		1.4. Industrial Use and Standardization of Nanomaterials
		1.5. Transport and Fate of Nanomaterials
	2. Toxicokinetic
		2.1. Important Routes of Exposure
			2.1.1. Skin
			2.1.2. Respiratory Tract
			2.1.3. Gastrointestinal Tract
		2.2. Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion
	3. Cellular Mechanisms of Nanoparticles Toxicity
		3.1. Reactive Oxygen Species Production
		3.2. Genotoxicity
		3.3. Activation of Inflammatory Pathways
	4. Toxicological Effects
		4.1. Acute Toxicity
		4.2. Long Term Toxicity
			4.2.1. Neurotoxicity
			4.2.2. Reprotoxicity
			4.2.3. Mutagenicity
			4.2.4. Allergenicity (or Sensitization)
	5. Toxicity of Nanomaterials
		5.1. In Vivo Toxicity of Nanomaterials
			5.1.1. Dendrimers
			5.1.2. Silver Nanoparticles
			5.1.3. Gold Nanoparticles
			5.1.4. Carbon Nanotubes
			5.1.5. Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
			5.1.6. Quantum Dots
		5.2. Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Testing of Nanomaterials
			5.2.1. Aerosolization Techniques
			5.2.2. Testing for Inhalation Toxicity of Nanoparticles
			5.2.3. Testing for Inhalation Toxicity of Nanofibers
			5.2.4. Testing for Oral Toxicity
	6. Risk Assessment Frameworks
		6.1. Physicochemical Properties Used  in Risk Assessment Frameworks
		6.2. Specific Considerations in Risk Assessment
			6.2.1. Nanoforms
			6.2.2. Life Cycle and Exposure
			6.2.3. Delivered Dose
			6.2.4. Bioaccumulation
			6.2.5. Assessment Factors
			6.2.6. Route-to-Route Extrapolation
		6.3. Functional Assays in Risk Assessment Frameworks
		6.4. Case Studies
		6.5. Elements for Improving the Feasibility to Assess the Risk  of Nanomaterials
			6.5.1 Standardized Testing
			6.5.2. Development of in Vitro-in Vivo Comparison
			6.5.3. Benchmark Materials
			6.5.4. In Silico Approaches
		6.6. Efficiency and Uncertainty in Risk Assessment Frameworks
	7. Regulatory Issues
	References
Chapter 13
Role of Nanoparticles in  Environmental Management
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Biological Production of Various Nanoparticles
	3. Bioremediation Using Nanotechnology
	4. Recent Advancement in Nanoremediation
	5. Soil and Groundwater Remediation with Nanoparticles
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14
Go Green with Nanotechnology
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Herbal Approach for Developing Nanoparticles
		1.2. Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
			1.2.1. Top-Down Synthesis
			1.2.2. Bottom-Up Synthesis
				1.2.2.1. Physical Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis
				1.2.2.2. Chemical Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis
				1.2.2.3. Biological Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis
		1.3. Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts
		1.4. Characterization of Nanoparticles
		1.5. Current Status of Green Nanotechnology
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15
Microbial Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Future Prospects and Challenges
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Classifications of Nanoparticles
	3. Organisms Involved in Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		3.1. Fungi
		3.2. Bacteria
		3.3. Actinomycetes
		3.4. Algae
	4. Methods of Nanoparticle Production
		4.1. An Overview of Chemical and Physical Methods
	5. Mechanism of Nanoparticle Synthesis
	6. Applications of Nanoparticles
		6.1. Nanoagroparticles as Potent Antimicrobial  Agents against Phytopathogens
		6.2. In Agriculture
	7. Prospects and Challenges
	Conclusion
	References
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