Micro-organisms and earth systems- -advances in geomicrobiology: sixty-fifth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology held at Keele University, September 2005

HALF-TITLE......Page 2
TITLE......Page 4
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
EDITORS’ PREFACE......Page 12
INTRODUCTION......Page 14
IDENTIFICATION OF PLAYERS THAT INCORPORATE LABELLED SUBSTRATES......Page 15
OUTLOOK......Page 20
REFERENCES......Page 22
INTRODUCTION......Page 24
AQUEOUS METAL GEOCHEMISTRY: FUNDAMENTALS......Page 25
Important solid phases......Page 26
Sorption reactions......Page 28
The role of redox status......Page 31
Relevance of microbial functional metabolism......Page 32
Biofilms: existence, structure and function......Page 35
Environmental biofilm metal geochemistry......Page 36
CONCLUSIONS......Page 39
REFERENCES......Page 41
Achromatium......Page 48
Beggiatoa......Page 50
Thioploca......Page 51
Thiothrix......Page 53
Thiomargarita......Page 55
GIANT SULFUR BACTERIA: ENERGY AND GEOCHEMICAL SIGNIFICANCE......Page 56
Energetic considerations of sulfur oxidation......Page 57
Geochemical significance of giant sulfur bacteria......Page 62
EVOLUTIONARY AND ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN THE GIANT SULFUR BACTERIA......Page 69
Within-genus diversity in morphology and physiology......Page 70
Genetic and ecological diversity in the genus Achromatium......Page 73
GENOMICS MEETS ECOLOGY: UNDERSTANDING ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY BY USING METAGENOMICS......Page 74
REFERENCES......Page 77
INTRODUCTION......Page 84
MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN DRY VALLEY SOILS......Page 86
SOURCES OF RESOURCES IN DRY VALLEY SOILS......Page 89
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 94
REFERENCES......Page 95
INTRODUCTION......Page 98
Freeze-substitution......Page 99
Freeze-substitution and Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) cell walls......Page 100
Frozen hydrated thin sections......Page 101
Correlation of freeze-substitution and frozen hydrated images......Page 103
How does this new interpretation of wall structure correlate with metal-ion interaction and mineralization?......Page 104
POTENTIOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF CELL SURFACES......Page 106
Cell-surface complexity and its impact on potentiometric properties......Page 107
Hydrophobicity studies......Page 112
REFERENCES......Page 117
INTRODUCTION......Page 122
Microbial metabolism in the subsurface......Page 123
THE INTERACTIONS OF SUBSURFACE BACTERIA WITH HEAVY METALS......Page 125
Gene transfer among microbes in the subsurface environment......Page 127
P -type ATPases and their roles in metal homeostasis and HGT......Page 128
Evolution of P -type ATPases by HGT in a subsurface microbial community......Page 129
Evidence for HGT of P -type ATPases in complete prokaryotic genomes......Page 132
HGT gene microarray......Page 135
REFERENCES......Page 137
INTRODUCTION......Page 144
THE CHEMISTRY OF SILICA......Page 146
CYANOBACTERIAL SURFACE PROPERTIES AND FUNCTION......Page 151
CYANOBACTERIAL BIOMINERALIZATION PATHWAYS AND COLLOID AGGREGATION......Page 154
CONCLUSIONS......Page 157
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 158
REFERENCES......Page 159
INTRODUCTION......Page 164
Metabolic diversity......Page 165
Prokaryotic mineral formation......Page 170
Eukaryotic mineral formation......Page 172
Biomagnetite and the death of a generalization......Page 173
TIME: LINKING THE PAST WITH THE PRESENT......Page 174
Kinetic biosignatures and layered communities......Page 178
EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS: WHY DO WE GO THERE?......Page 179
CONCLUSIONS......Page 180
REFERENCES......Page 181
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LATITUDINAL REGIONS......Page 186
PRIMARY PRODUCTION......Page 188
ORGANIC MATTER DEGRADATION AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL RECYCLING......Page 195
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ABILITY TO SEQUESTER SUBSTRATES BY ACTIVE TRANSPORT......Page 196
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS......Page 201
ROLE OF COASTAL WETLANDS......Page 204
REFERENCES......Page 206
INTRODUCTION......Page 214
WEATHERING PROCESSES AND THE INFLUENCE OF MICROBES......Page 215
MICROBES IN ROCK AND MINERAL HABITATS......Page 216
FUNGI IN THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT......Page 218
Biomechanical deterioration......Page 219
Biochemical deterioration......Page 220
FUNGAL DETERIORATION OF ROCK AND BUILDING STONE......Page 221
METAL BINDING AND ACCUMULATION BY FUNGI......Page 224
MYCOGENIC MINERAL FORMATION......Page 225
Oxalate precipitation......Page 226
Carbonate precipitation: calcified fungal filaments in limestone and calcareous soils......Page 227
Reduction or oxidation of metals and metalloids......Page 228
Clay mineral formation and impact on soil properties......Page 229
Clay and silicate weathering by fungi......Page 230
Concrete biodeterioration and radioactive waste disposal......Page 232
Bioremediation......Page 233
REFERENCES......Page 234
INTRODUCTION......Page 246
VARIABILITY OF INTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS......Page 247
STRATEGIES FOR EXPLORING INTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS......Page 249
ORGANISMS THAT LIVE IN INTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS......Page 251
RANGE OF BIOMASS IN VARIOUS INTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS......Page 252
INTRATERRESTRIAL SPECIES DIVERSITY......Page 253
ENERGY SOURCES FOR INTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE......Page 254
ACTIVITY OF INTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE FORMS......Page 255
REFERENCES......Page 256
INTRODUCTION......Page 260
Nitrogen......Page 262
Iron......Page 265
Phosphorus......Page 268
Zinc......Page 270
Interactions among Fe, N, P and Zn......Page 271
Interactions of Fe, N, P and Zn with the assimilation of inorganic C......Page 272
Interaction of Fe, N, P and Zn supply with the fate of marine primary producers......Page 274
REFERENCES......Page 278
INTRODUCTION......Page 286
REDUCTION OF Fe(III) AND Mn(IV)......Page 287
Diversity of Fe(III)-reducing organisms......Page 288
Mechanisms of Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction: electron transfer to insoluble minerals......Page 290
Vanadium reduction......Page 291
Chromium reduction......Page 292
Cobalt reduction......Page 293
Gold and silver reduction......Page 294
Mercury reduction......Page 295
Arsenic reduction: a role in mass poisoning worldwide?......Page 296
Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements......Page 298
REDUCTION OF ACTINIDES AND FISSION PRODUCTS AND THE BIOREMEDIATION OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE......Page 299
Uranium reduction......Page 300
Reduction of other actinides (plutonium and neptunium)......Page 302
Technetium reduction......Page 303
DEGRADATION OF XENOBIOTICS BY METAL-REDUCING BACTERIA......Page 304
REFERENCES......Page 307
INTRODUCTION......Page 316
HISTORY OF AOM......Page 318
MICRO-ORGANISMS INVOLVED IN AOM......Page 319
HOT SPOTS FOR THE STUDY OF AOM......Page 321
Black Sea......Page 322
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF AOM......Page 323
MECHANISM OF AOM......Page 325
CONCLUSIONS......Page 328
REFERENCES......Page 329
THE NATURE OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTS......Page 334
MARINE FUNGAL DIVERSITY IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS......Page 337
FUNGAL ADAPTATION TO MARINE ENVIRONMENTS......Page 341
MARINE BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES......Page 343
Biogeochemical cycling......Page 344
FUNGAL CONTRIBUTION TO CYCLING IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS......Page 349
REFERENCES......Page 351
INTRODUCTION......Page 358
Sulfur-based cave ecosystems......Page 360
Coupled C and S metabolism......Page 361
MICROBIAL GEOCHEMISTRY METHODS......Page 362
Microbial-community analysis......Page 363
In situ microcosms......Page 365
The example of Lower Kane Cave......Page 366
CONCLUSIONS......Page 372
REFERENCES......Page 373
INDEX......Page 378