Micro- and nanoelectromechanical biosensors

Content: INTRODUCTION vii    CHAPTER 1. TRANSDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR MINIATURIZED BIOSENSORS 1    1.1. Definition of bioMEMS 1    1.2. Transduction techniques 2    1.2.1. Optical transduction 2    1.2.2. Electro (chemical) transduction 6    1.2.3. Mechanical transduction 10    1.3. MEMS transducers 17    1.4. One specific application of MEMS biosensors: detection of pathogen agents 20    1.5. Bibliography 25    CHAPTER 2. BIORECEPTORS AND GRAFTING METHODS  35    2.1. Types of bioreceptor 35    2.1.1. Catalytic receptors 36    2.1.2. Affinity receptors 37    2.1.3. Nucleic acid-based receptors 40    2.1.4. Molecularly imprinted polymers 41    2.2. Immobilization strategies 43    2.2.1. Adsorption and antifouling strategies 44    2.2.2. Entrapment methods 49    2.2.3. Covalent coupling 51    2.2.4. Other capture systems 54    2.2.5. Immobilization strategies: summary 56    2.3. Conclusion 57    2.4. Bibliography 57    CHAPTER 3. PATTERNING TECHNIQUES FOR THE BIOFUNCTIONALIZATION OF MEMS 65    3.1. What is surface patterning? 65    3.2. Direct biopatterning in liquid phase 66    3.2.1. Ink delivery by non-contact methods 67    3.2.2. Ink delivery by contact methods 71    3.3. Replication of patterns 80    3.3.1. Photolithography 81    3.3.2. Light-induced patterning strategies 81    3.3.3. Microcontact printing 82    3.3.4. In-flux functionalization 83    3.4. Conclusions 84    3.5. Bibliography 85    CHAPTER 4. FROM MEMS TO NEMS BIOSENSORS 93    4.1. Importance of downscaling 93    4.2. Challenges faced by NEMS for biosensing applications 95    4.2.1. Issues related to nanomechanical transducers 97    4.2.2. Issues related to the functionalization of NEMS 99    4.2.3. On the importance of packaging and sample preparation 103    4.3. Economic considerations 106    4.4. Bibliography 107    CHAPTER 5. COMPARING PERFORMANCES OF BIOSENSORS: IMPOSSIBLE MISSION? 113    5.1. Bibliography 117    INDEX 119