Micro- and Macro-Properties of Solids: Thermal, Mechanical and Dielectric Properties

Contents......Page 10
1.2.1 Principle......Page 17
1.2.2 Experimental Techniques......Page 18
1.2.3 Strategies for Accuracy......Page 29
1.3 An Overview......Page 31
1.3.1 Characterisation of Semiconductor Materials......Page 32
1.3.2 Characterisation of Doped Crystals......Page 33
1.3.4 Effect of Hydrogen on Lattice Parameters of Rare Earth Elements......Page 34
1.3.5 Lattice Constants of Mixed Crystals......Page 35
1.3.6 Mixed Valence Effects in Lattice Constants......Page 37
1.3.7 Temperature Variation of Lattice Constant......Page 38
1.3.9 Effect of Magnetic Field on Lattice Constant......Page 39
1.3.10 Radiation Damage......Page 40
1.3.12 Lattice Constants and Point Defects in Crystals......Page 41
1.3.13 Lattice Constant Variations due to Dislocations......Page 43
1.4.1 Lattice Parameters – Data Generation......Page 45
1.4.2 Lattice Constant as a Scaling Parameter......Page 48
1.4.4 Radiation Induced Changes in Lattice Constant of NaBrO[sub(3)]......Page 49
1.4.5 Lattice Constants of Mixed Crystals......Page 51
2.1 Introduction......Page 53
2.2.1 General......Page 55
2.2.3 Capacitance Methods......Page 56
2.2.4 Diffraction Methods......Page 57
2.2.5 Dilatometric Methods......Page 58
2.2.6 Other Methods......Page 62
2.3.1 Some Novel Experimental Techniques......Page 63
2.3.2 Experimental Data on Thermal Expansion of Crystals......Page 66
2.3.4 Thermal Expansion of Inert Gas Solids......Page 67
2.3.6 Thermal Expansion and Vacancies in Solids......Page 68
2.3.7 Effect of Gross Defects on Thermal Expansion......Page 69
2.3.9 Surface Thermal Expansion......Page 73
2.3.10 Pressure Variation of Thermal Expansion......Page 75
2.3.11 Theories of Thermal Expansion......Page 76
2.3.12 Negative Thermal Expansion......Page 77
2.3.13 Anisotropy of Thermal Expansion......Page 78
2.4.1 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion – Data Generation......Page 79
2.4.2 USBM Inter-Laboratory Project on Thermal Expansion of MgO......Page 80
2.4.3 Aspects of Gruneisen Theory......Page 81
2.4.4 Studies of Some Anomalous Phenomena......Page 84
2.4.5 Empirical Relations......Page 87
3.2 Brief Outline of the Debye–Waller Theory......Page 92
3.3.1 Measurement of Integrated Intensity......Page 97
3.3.2 Analysis of Intensity Data......Page 102
3.3.3 Other Methods......Page 107
3.4.2 Experimental Values of Debye–Waller Factors at Room Temperature......Page 108
3.4.3 Effect of Choice of Atomic Scattering Factors on Measured B-values......Page 109
3.4.4 Debye–Waller Factor for a Real Crystal......Page 110
3.4.5 Debye Temperatures of Thin Films and Fine Particles......Page 111
3.4.6 Effect of Lattice Strain on B......Page 112
3.4.7 Anisotropy of Debye–Waller Factors......Page 113
3.4.8 Pressure Variation of θ[sub(M)]......Page 115
3.4.10 Anharmonic Effects in Debye–Waller Factors and Debye Temperature......Page 116
3.4.11 Debye–Waller Factors from Lattice Dynamics......Page 118
3.4.13 Debye–Waller Factors and Temperature Dependence of Band-gap in Semiconductors......Page 121
3.4.14 Debye Temperature in an Antiferromagnetic Transition......Page 122
3.4.16 Energy of Defect Formation from Debye Temperature......Page 123
3.4.17 Effect of Electronic Environment on Debye–Waller Factor......Page 124
3.4.19 Debye–Waller Factors of Protein Structures......Page 125
3.5.1 Debye–Waller Factors – Data Generation......Page 126
3.5.2 Debye–Waller Factors and Mass Ratio......Page 128
3.5.3 Comparison of Experimental Results with Lattice Dynamical Results......Page 133
3.5.4 Anisotropy of Debye–Waller Factors......Page 135
3.5.5 Effect of Strain on Debye–Waller Factors......Page 137
3.5.6 Effect of Atomic Scattering Factors on B......Page 138
3.5.7 Debye–Waller Factors and the Electronic Environment......Page 139
3.5.8 Debye–Waller Factors in Mixed Crystals......Page 140
3.5.10 Comparison of θ from Different Methods......Page 141
3.5.11 A modified Expression for the X-ray Debye Temperature (θ[sub(M)])......Page 144
3.5.12 Energy of Defect Formation from Debye Temperatures......Page 145
4.1 Introduction......Page 149
4.2.1 General......Page 150
4.2.2 Leitz–Wetzlar Mini-Load 2 Microhardness Tester......Page 151
4.2.3 Shimadzu Dynamic Ultra Hardness Tester DUH 202......Page 153
4.2.4 Nanoindentation......Page 154
4.2.5 Relative Hardness Measurement......Page 157
4.3.2 Load Variation of Hardness......Page 160
4.3.4 Impurity Hardening......Page 162
4.3.6 Radiation Hardening......Page 163
4.3.7 Hardness and Chemical Bond......Page 165
4.3.8 Pressure Variation of Hardness......Page 166
4.3.10 Empirical Relations with other Physical Properties......Page 167
4.3.11 Anisotropy of Hardness......Page 168
4.3.12 Surface Hardness......Page 171
4.3.14 Effect of Magnetic Field on Hardness......Page 172
4.3.16 Micro-Raman Spectroscopy of Indentations......Page 173
4.4.1 Load Variation of Hardness......Page 174
4.4.2 Hardness and Bonding......Page 181
4.4.3 Radiation Hardening......Page 190
4.4.4 Hardness of Doped Crystals......Page 194
4.4.6 Empirical Relations with other Physical Properties......Page 196
4.4.7 Temperature Variation of Hardness......Page 198
4.4.8 Surface Hardness of Crystals......Page 201
4.4.9 Anisotropy of Hardness......Page 206
5.1.1 Dielectric Polarization......Page 212
5.1.2 Dielectric Dispersion and Dielectric Loss......Page 214
5.1.3 Dielectric Loss and Conduction......Page 215
5.1.4 Temperature Variation of Dielectric Constant and Loss......Page 216
5.2.1 Measuring Instruments......Page 217
5.2.2 Cell Designs......Page 220
5.2.3 Procedural Details......Page 223
5.2.5 Dielectric Constants from IR Reflectivity......Page 226
5.2.7 Comparison of Methods......Page 228
5.3.1 Some Important Experimental Results......Page 229
5.3.2 Temperature Variation of Dielectric Constant......Page 232
5.3.3 Szigeti\'s Theory (Effective Ionic Charge and Anharmonicity)......Page 234
5.3.4 Spectroscopic Aspects......Page 237
5.3.5 Conductivity of Ionic Crystals......Page 241
5.3.6 Dielectric Constant and Polaron Conduction......Page 242
5.3.8 Dielectric Behaviour of Proteins Dielectric Properties and Protein Hydration......Page 244
5.3.9 Irradiation Effects......Page 247
5.4.2 Analysis of Temperature Variation of Dielectric Constant......Page 248
5.4.3 Application of Szigeti\'s Theory......Page 254
5.4.4 Spectroscopic Aspects......Page 255
5.4.5 Polaron Conduction in Garnets......Page 258
5.4.6 Dielectric Constant and Additivity of Polarizability......Page 259
5.4.7 Ferroelectric Behaviour in NaCIO[sub(3)] and NaBrO[sub(3)]......Page 260
5.4.8 Analysis of Conductivity Data......Page 261
5.4.9 γ-Irradiation Studies......Page 264
5.4.10 Dielectric Properties and Protein Hydration......Page 267
6.2 Elastic Constants of Ionic Crystals......Page 269
6.3.1 Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Crystals with Fluorite Structure......Page 271
6.3.2 Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Some Anisotropic Elements......Page 272
6.4.1 General......Page 273
6.4.2 Debye Temperatures from Single Crystal Elastic Constants......Page 274
6.4.3 θ from Polycrystalline Elastic Data......Page 277
6.4.4 Brief Review of Earlier Work......Page 278
6.4.5 Some of Our Results......Page 280
6.5 Gruneisen Parameter......Page 284
6.5.1 Gruneisen Parameter from Interatomic Potentials......Page 285
6.5.2 γ from Pressure Variation of Debye Temperature......Page 287
6.5.3 Evaluation of γ from Pressure Derivatives of Elastic Moduli......Page 289
6.5.4 Mode Gruneisen Parameters of Fluorite-Type Crystals......Page 294
7.1.1 General......Page 297
7.1.2 Earlier Reviews on Mixed Crystals......Page 298
7.1.3 Theoretical Models......Page 299
7.2.1 Molar Volume and Lattice Parameters......Page 300
7.2.2 Debye–Waller Factors......Page 304
7.2.4 Hardness of Mixed Crystals......Page 306
7.2.5 Dielectric Constant......Page 310
7.2.6 Effective Ionic Charge in Mixed Crystals......Page 311
7.2.7 Colour Centres in Alkali Halide Mixed Crystals......Page 312
7.2.8 Defects in Mixed Crystals......Page 314
7.2.9 Melting Temperature......Page 315
7.2.10 Pm3m ↔ Fm3m Transition in Mixed Crystals......Page 316
7.3.1 Lattice Constants of Mixed Crystals......Page 318
7.3.2 Debye–Waller Factors......Page 322
7.3.3 Debye Temperatures of Mixed Crystals......Page 324
7.3.4 Hardness of Mixed Crystals......Page 327
7.3.5 Dielectric Properties......Page 329
7.3.6 Effective Ionic Charge......Page 332
7.3.7 Colour Centres in RbCl–RbBr Mixed Crystals......Page 334
7.3.8 Defects in Mixed Crystals......Page 336
7.3.9 Melting Temperatures of Mixed Crystals......Page 337
7.3.10 Pm3m → Fm3m Transition in NH[sub(4)]Cl–NH[sub(4)]Br System......Page 339
8.2.1 Piston Displacement Method......Page 343
8.2.2 Shock Wave Method......Page 345
8.2.4 Optical Interferometric Method......Page 346
8.2.5 Ultrasonic Method......Page 348
8.3 Discrepancies in Elastic Properties......Page 349
8.4.1 Phenomenological Relations as Consistency Checks......Page 350
8.4.2 Theoretical Consistency Checks......Page 355
8.4.3 Empirical Relations as Consistency Checks......Page 364
8.5 Consistency Checks for Single Crystal Elastic Constants......Page 368
8.5.2 Tetragonal Crystals......Page 369
8.5.3 Trigonal and Hexagonal Crystals......Page 372
8.6 Conclusions......Page 373
References......Page 374
C......Page 409
E......Page 410
M......Page 411
T......Page 412
X......Page 413