Metrology and Instrumentation: Practical Applications for Engineering and Manufacturing (Wiley-ASME Press Series)

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Chapter 1 Fundamental Units and Constants in Metrology
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Current Definitions of the Main SI Units
	1.3 New Definition of Seven Base Units of the SI
	1.4 Derived International System (SI) Units
	1.5 SI Conversion
	1.6 Fundamental Constants
	1.7 Common Measurements
	1.8 Principles and Practices of Traceability
		1.8.1 Definition of Traceability
		1.8.2 Accreditation and Conformity Assessment
	Multiple Choice Questions of this Chapter
	References
Chapter 2 Scales of Metrology
	2.1 Introduction to Practical Metrology across All Scales
	2.2 Nanometrology
		2.2.1 Introduction and Need in Industry
		2.2.2 Definition of Nanometrology
		2.2.3 Importance of Nanometrology in Science and Technology
	2.3 Standards
	2.4 Micrometrology
		2.4.1 Introduction and Need in Industry
		2.4.2 Definition of Micrometrology
		2.4.3 Examples of Micrometrology of Microparts
	2.5 Macroscale Metrology
		2.5.1 Standards
	2.6 Large‐Scale Metrology and Large‐Volume Metrology
		2.6.1 Introduction and Need in Industry
		2.6.2 Definition
		2.6.3 Verification Standards
	2.7 Instruments Techniques
		2.7.1 Large Coordinate Measuring Machines
		2.7.2 Laser Trackers
		2.7.3 Theodolite
	Multiple Choice Questions of this Chapter
	References
Chapter 3 Applied Math and Statistics
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Scientific and Engineering Notation
	3.3 Imperial/Metric Conversions
	3.4 Ratio
	3.5 Linear Interpolation
	3.6 Number Bases
	3.7 Significant Figures, Rounding, and Truncation
	3.8 Geometry and Volumes
		3.8.1 Perimeter
		3.8.2 Volume and Area
	3.9 Angular Conversions
	3.10 Graphs and Plots
	3.11 Statistical Analysis and Common Distributions
		3.11.1 Definition of Measurement Data
		3.11.2 Statistical Measurements
		3.11.3 Statistical Analysis of Measurements
		3.11.4 Probability
		3.11.5 Sample and Population
		3.11.6 Formulation of Mean and Variance for Direct Measurements
		3.11.7 Mean and Variance Based on Samples
		3.11.8 The Standard Deviation of the Mean
	3.12 Formulation of the Standard Uncertainty and Average of Indirect Measurements
		3.12.1 How to Determine the Measured Value and Random Error?
		3.12.2 Repeated Measurements of One Single Quantity
		3.12.3 Normal Distribution
		3.12.4 Student's t‐distribution
	Multiple Choice Questions of this Chapter
Chapter 4 Errors and their Sources
	Introduction
	4.1 Definition of the Error and Their Types
		4.1.1 Systematic Errors
		4.1.2 Random Errors
		4.1.3 Components of Motion Error Assessment
	4.2 Measurement Characteristics
		4.2.1 Characterization of the Measurement
		4.2.2 Resolution, Error Uncertainty, and Repeatability
		4.2.3 Model of Measurement
	4.3 Propagation of Errors
	4.4 Sources of Errors
		4.4.1 Static Errors and Dynamic Errors
	4.5 Error Budget
		4.5.1 Components of the Error Budget
		4.5.2 Example of Error‐Budget Table
	4.6 Error Elimination Techniques
		4.6.1 Methods
	4.7 Model of Errors in CNC Using HTM
	4.8 Case Study of Errors Budget
		4.8.1 Description of the Designed System
		4.8.2 Error Modeling and Experimental Testing
	4.9 Solved Problems
	Multiple Choice Questions of this Chapter
	References
Chapter 5 Measurement and Measurement Systems
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 What Can Be Standard in a Measurement?
	5.3 Definitions of Key Measurement Components
		5.3.1 Measurement System
		5.3.2 Measurement System Analysis
		5.3.3 Measurement Process
	5.4 Physical Measurement Process (PMP)
	5.5 Difference between Number and an Analysis Model
	5.6 Measurement Methods
		5.6.1 Metrology and Measurement
		5.6.2 Metrological Characteristics of Measuring Instruments
	5.7 Instrumentation for Measurement
		5.7.1 Background
		5.7.2 Measurement Instrumentations
		5.7.3 Digital Measuring Device Fundamentals
	5.8 Non‐Portable Dimensional Measuring Devices
		5.8.1 Laser Interferometry, Application to CNC Machines
		5.8.2 Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)
	5.9 Metrology Laboratory Test for Students
	Multiple Choice Questions of this Chapter
	References
Chapter 6 Tolerance Stack‐Up Analysis
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Importance of Tolerance Stack‐Up Analysis
		6.1.2 Need for Tolerance Stack‐Up Analysis in Assemblies
		6.1.3 Manufacturing Considerations in Engineering Design
		6.1.4 Technical Drawing
		6.1.5 Definitions, Format, and Workflow of Tolerance Stack‐Up
	6.2 Brief Introduction to Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T)
		6.2.1 Notation and Problem Formulation
		6.2.2 Dimension Types
		6.2.3 Coordinate Dimensioning
		6.2.4 Tolerance Types
		6.2.5 Characteristics of Features and Their Tolerances
	6.3 Tolerance Format and Decimal Places
	6.4 Converting Plus/Minus Dimensions and Tolerances into Equal‐Bilaterally Toleranced Dimensions
	6.5 Tolerance Stack Analysis
		6.5.1 Worst‐Case Tolerance Analysis
		6.5.2 Rules for Assembly Shift
		6.5.3 Worst‐Case Tolerance Stack‐Up in Symmetric Dimensional Tolerance
		6.5.4 Worst‐Case Tolerance Stack‐Up in Asymmetric Dimensional Tolerance
	6.6 Statistical Tolerance Analysis
		6.6.1 Definition of Statistical Tolerance Analysis
		6.6.2 Worst‐Case Analysis vs RSS (Root‐Sum Squared) Statistical Analysis
		6.6.3 Second‐Order Tolerance Analysis
		6.6.4 Cases Discussions
		6.6.5 Understanding Material Condition Modifiers
	Appendix A from ISO and ASME Y14 Symbols
	Multiple Choice Questions of this Chapter
	References
Chapter 7 Instrument Calibration Methods
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Definition of Calibration
	7.3 Need for Calibration
	7.4 Characteristics of Calibration
	7.5 Calibration Overall Requirements and Procedures
		7.5.1 Calibration Methods/Procedures
	7.6 Calibration Laboratory Requirements
	7.7 Industry Practices and Regulations
	7.8 Calibration and Limitations of a Digital System
	7.9 Verification and Calibration of CNC Machine Tool
	7.10 Inspection of the Positioning Accuracy of CNC Machine Tools
	7.11 CNC Machine Error Assessment and Calibration
	7.12 Assessment of the Contouring in the CNC Machine Using a Kinematic Ballbar System
	7.13 Calibration of 3‐axis CNC Machine Tool
	7.14 Calibration of a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)
		7.14.1 CMM Performance Verification
		7.14.2 Accreditation of Calibration Laboratories
	Section 1: Scope and Description
	Section 2: Calibration Requirements
	Section 3: Preliminary Operations
	Section 4: Calibration Process
	Section 5: Data Analysis
	Section 6: Calibration Report
	Multiple Choice Questions of this Chapter
	References
Chapter 8 Uncertainty in Measurements
	8.1 Introduction and Background
	8.2 Uncertainty of Measurement
	8.3 Measurement Error
	8.4 Why Is Uncertainty of Measurement Important?
	8.5 Components and Sources of Uncertainty
		8.5.1 What Causes Uncertainty?
		8.5.2 Uncertainty Budget Components
		8.5.3 The Errors Affecting Accuracy
	8.6 Static Errors and Dynamic Errors
	8.7 Types of Uncertainty
	8.8 Uncertainty Evaluations and Analysis
	8.9 Uncertainty Reporting
	8.10 How to Report Uncertainty
	8.11 Fractional Uncertainty Revisited
	8.12 Propagation of Uncertainty
	Multiple Choice Questions of this Chapter
	References
Chapter 9 Dimensional Measurements and Calibration
	9.1 Length Measurement
	9.2 Displacement Measurement
	9.3 Manual Instruments
		9.3.1 Caliper
		9.3.2 Vernier Caliper
		9.3.3 Micrometer
		9.3.4 Feeler Gauge
		9.3.5 Liner Measurement Tool
		9.3.6 American Wire Gauge
		9.3.7 Bore Gauge
		9.3.8 Telescopic Feeler Gauge
		9.3.9 Depth Gauge
		9.3.10 Angle Plate or Tool
		9.3.11 Flat Plate
		9.3.12 Dial Gauge
		9.3.13 Oil Gauging Tapes
		9.3.14 Thread Measurement
		9.3.15 Planimeter
	9.4 Diameter and Roundness
		9.4.1 How to Measure a Diameter?
		9.4.2 Roundness
	9.5 Angular Measurements
		9.5.1 Line Standard Angular Measuring Devices
		9.5.2 Face Standard Angular Measuring Devices
		9.5.3 Measurement of Inclines
		9.5.4 Optical Instruments for Angular Measurement
	9.6 Metrology for Complex Geometric Features
		9.6.1 Edge Detection Techniques Using a CCD Camera
		9.6.2 Full Laser Scanning for Reverse Engineering
	9.7 Measurement Surface Texture
		9.7.1 Geometry of Surface
		9.7.2 Surface Integrity
		9.7.3 Specification of Surfaces
		9.7.4 Sampling Length
		9.7.5 Instruments and Measurement of Roughness
	Multiple Choice Questions of this Chapter
	References
Chapter 10 Mechanical Measurements and Calibration
	10.1 Importance of Mechanical Measurements
	10.2 Mechanical Measurements and Calibration
	10.3 Description of Mechanical Instruments
		10.3.1 Mass Measurements
		10.3.2 Force Measurements
		10.3.3 Vibration Measurements
		10.3.4 Volume and Density
		10.3.5 Hydrometers
		10.3.6 Acoustic Measurements
	10.4 Calibration of Mechanical Instruments
		10.4.1 When Is Equipment Calibration Needed?
		10.4.2 When Is There No Need for Calibration?
		10.4.3 Process of Equipment Calibration
	10.5 Equipment Validation for Measurement
		10.5.1 Is There a Need of Equipment Validation?
		10.5.2 Features and Benefits of Validation
		10.5.3 Process of Validation of Equipment
	10.6 Difference between Calibration and Validation of Equipment
	10.7 Difference between Calibration and Verification
	10.8 Calibration of Each Instrument
		10.8.1 Mass Calibration
		10.8.2 Force Calibration
		10.8.3 Pressure Calibration
		10.8.4 Vibration Measurements
		10.8.5 Volume and Density
		10.8.6 Hydrometers
		10.8.7 Acoustic Measurements
	Multiple Choice Questions of this Chapter
	References
Chapter 11 Thermodynamic Measurements
	11.1 Background
	11.2 Scale of Temperature
		11.2.1 Ideal Gas Law
		11.2.2 Vacuum
		11.2.3 Gas Constants
	11.3 Power
	11.4 Enthalpy
	11.5 Humidity Measurements
	11.6 Methods of Measuring Temperature
	11.7 Temperature Measured through Thermal Expansion Materials
		11.7.1 Liquid‐in‐Glass Thermometer
		11.7.2 Bimetallic Thermometer
		11.7.3 Electrical Resistance Thermometry
		11.7.4 Resistance Temperature Detectors
		11.7.5 Examples for Discussion
		11.7.6 Thermistors
	11.8 Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement or Thermocouples
		11.8.1 Basic Thermocouples
		11.8.2 Fundamental Thermocouple Laws
	11.9 Thermocouple Materials
		11.9.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermocouple Materials
		11.9.2 Thermocouple Voltage Measurement
	11.10 Multi‐Junction Thermocouple Circuits
	11.11 Thermopiles
	11.12 Radiative Temperature Measurement
	Multiple Choice Questions of this Chapter
	References
Chapter 12 Quality Systems and Standards
	12.1 Introduction to Quality Management
	12.2 Quality Management
		12.2.1 Total Quality Management (TQM)
		12.2.2 Quality Management System (QMS)
		12.2.3 TQM Is Essential to Complete TQS
		12.2.4 ISO‐Based QMS Certification
	12.3 Components of Quality Management
		12.3.1 Quality System (QS)
		12.3.2 Quality Assurance (QA)
		12.3.3 Quality Control (QC)
		12.3.4 Quality Assessment
	12.4 System Components
		12.4.1 Quality Audits
		12.4.2 Preventive and Corrective Action
		12.4.3 Occupational Safety Requirements
		12.4.4 Housekeeping Practices
	12.5 Quality Standards and Guides
	Multiple Choice Questions of this Chapter
	References
Chapter 13 Digital Metrology Setups and Industry Revolution I4.0
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 What Is a Digital Measurement?
		13.1.2 Metrology and Digitalization
		13.1.3 Implementation Strategy
	13.2 Data Acquisition
	13.3 Setup Fundamentals for Measurement and Data Acquisition
		13.3.1 Length Measurement in Open Loop
		13.3.2 Thermal Measurement and Data‐Acquisition Considerations
		13.3.3 Data Transfer to Cloud
		13.3.4 Internet of Things (IoT) Metrology
		13.3.5 Closed‐Loop Data Analysis‐ (In‐Process Inspection)
	13.4 Digital Twin Metrology Inspection
	Multiple Choice Questions of this Chapter
	References
Index
EULA