Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis: Ovarian Cancer, Renal Cancer, Urogenitary tract Cancer, Urinary Bladder Cancer, Cervical Uterine Cancer, Skin Cancer, Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma and Sarcoma

Cover......Page 1
Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis, Volume 6 (Springer, 2010)......Page 4
ISBN 978-90-481-2917-1......Page 5
Contributors......Page 7
Preface......Page 14
Introduction......Page 16
Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5......Page 17
Contents......Page 31
Part I - Ovarian Cancer......Page 45
Introduction......Page 47
Genetic Alterations in Clear Cell Ovarian Cancer......Page 48
Clear Cell Ovarian Cancer Has Distinct Transcription Profiles......Page 50
Differential Gene Expression in Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of Different Organs......Page 51
References......Page 52
Introduction......Page 55
Biomarkers and Screening of Ovarian Cancer......Page 56
Aberrant Mucin Expression in Ovarian Cancer: A Novel Class of Biomarkers......Page 57
MUCIN4 in Ovarian Cancer......Page 58
Immunolabeling......Page 60
References......Page 61
Introduction......Page 64
Patients and Methods......Page 65
Results......Page 68
Discussion......Page 69
References......Page 72
Ovarian Cancer Heterogeneity......Page 75
Selection of Samples for Gene Microarray Analysis......Page 76
Contamination of Gene Expression Profiles by Other Cells in Tissues......Page 77
Importance of Pathological Quality Control......Page 78
RNA Isolation for Generating Gene Expression Data......Page 79
Need for Secondary Validation of Data......Page 80
Gene Expression Analysis Used to Determine Ovarian Cancer Subgroups......Page 81
Gene Expression Analysis Used to Compare Different Stages or Grades of Ovarian Cancer......Page 83
Gene Expression Profiles Based on Metastasis......Page 86
Correlation of Gene Expression Profiles to Chemotherapeutic Response......Page 88
Correlation of Gene Expression Profiles to Surgical Debulking......Page 91
Correlation of Gene Expression Profiles to Patients’ Survival......Page 92
Summary......Page 94
References......Page 95
Clinical Features......Page 99
Microscopic Findings......Page 100
Differential Diagnosis......Page 101
Cytokeratins......Page 102
Calretinin......Page 103
Other Makers......Page 104
References......Page 106
CA125 and MUC16......Page 110
Mesothelin......Page 112
Mesothelin and MUC16 Binding......Page 113
Kinetics of Mesothelin–MUC16 Binding......Page 114
Mesothelin Binds to N-Linked Oligosaccharides Present on MUC16......Page 115
A Phenotypic Shift......Page 118
NK Cell Differentiation......Page 120
References......Page 121
Presentation at Early Stages and Association with Endometriosis......Page 124
Molecular Characteristics......Page 125
Prognosis After Cytoreductive Surgery......Page 126
References......Page 128
Value of Cytoreduction......Page 131
Ability of Computed Tomography to Predict Optimal Cytoreduction......Page 134
Other Techniques for Predicting Surgical Outcomes......Page 137
Conclusion......Page 139
References......Page 140
Part II - Renal Cancer......Page 142
Introduction......Page 144
Magnetic Resonance Signal Characteristics of Radiofrequency Induced Thermal Ablation Zones......Page 145
References......Page 147
Patients and Methods......Page 149
Discussion......Page 151
References......Page 153
Introduction......Page 155
Interferon-a (IFN-a)......Page 156
Methodological Aspects of Perioperative Immunomonitoring......Page 157
Flow Cytometry......Page 158
Materials......Page 159
Materials and Methods......Page 160
Perioperative Immunomodulation with Interleukin-2......Page 161
Perioperative Immunomodulation with Interferon-Alpha......Page 163
Other Agents......Page 165
Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 166
References......Page 167
Introduction......Page 170
Fas-Driven Apoptosis and Bcl-2 in Renal Cell Cancer Cells......Page 171
Bcl-2 or Fas and Prognosis of Renal Cell Cancer Patients......Page 172
Absence of Bcl-2 and Fas/CD95/Apo-1 Predicts the Response to Immunotherapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma......Page 173
Expression of Bcl-2......Page 174
Detection of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis......Page 175
Conclusion......Page 176
References......Page 177
Prognostic Factors in Wilms Tumor......Page 179
Quantification Methods......Page 180
Angiogenesis and Wilms Tumor......Page 182
References......Page 185
Part III - Urogenitary Tract Cancer......Page 188
General Features......Page 190
Histology and Differential Diagnosis......Page 191
Immunophenotype......Page 192
References......Page 194
Indications for Pc-Rplnd......Page 195
Preoperative Considerations......Page 197
Technical Considerations......Page 198
Treatment-Related Outcomes......Page 201
Postoperative Follow-Up......Page 204
Conclusions......Page 205
References......Page 206
Cohort Studies......Page 208
Nested Case-Control Studies......Page 210
Methodological Limitations......Page 211
All Testicular Cancers......Page 212
Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy......Page 213
References......Page 216
Part IV - Urinary Bladder Cancer......Page 219
Rationale......Page 221
Screening in People with Occupational Exposure......Page 222
Hematuria Screening......Page 223
Urine-Based Tumor Markers......Page 224
Methodological Aspects of Marker Evaluation......Page 225
Nuclear Matrix Protein-22......Page 227
ImmunoCyt/uCyt......Page 228
Cost-Effectiveness......Page 229
Biases and Pitfalls in Bladder Cancer Screening......Page 230
Conclusions......Page 231
References......Page 232
Introduction......Page 234
Materials......Page 235
Total RNA Extraction......Page 238
PCR......Page 239
Transfer......Page 240
Stripping and Reprobing the Membrane......Page 241
Statistical Analyses......Page 242
Expression of OCT-4 in Tumor and Non-Tumor Tissues of Human Bladder......Page 243
Tissue Distribution and Intracellular Localization of OCT-4 Protein in Bladder Tumors......Page 244
Discussion......Page 246
References......Page 248
Part V - Cervical Uterine Cancer......Page 250
Introduction......Page 252
Solvents, Media, and Solutions......Page 253
Methods......Page 254
Inactivation of Endogenous Peroxidase......Page 255
Counterstaining......Page 256
Results......Page 257
Discussion......Page 259
References......Page 262
Normal Anatomy of Uterine Cervix......Page 264
General Consideration of Uterine Cervical Cancer......Page 265
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique for Uterine Cervical Cancer......Page 266
Magnetic Resonance Findings of Uterine Cervical Cancer......Page 267
Magnetic Resonance Staging of Uterine Cervical Cancer......Page 268
Pelvic Computed Tomography Versus Magnetic Resonance......Page 271
Evaluation of Pelvic Lymph Nodes......Page 272
References......Page 273
Introduction......Page 276
Dose Specification......Page 277
Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Cervical Cancer Brachytherapy......Page 278
Image-Based Brachytherapy......Page 279
References......Page 280
Concept of Quality of Life......Page 282
First Step: Questions to Be Asked When Selecting a Quality of Life Instrument......Page 283
Validity......Page 284
Types of Qualty of Life Measurments......Page 285
EORTC Modular Approach to Quality of Life Assessment......Page 287
Phase III: Pretesting......Page 288
Phase IV: Testing the Psychometric Properties......Page 289
References......Page 290
Background and Staging......Page 293
Directing Therapy......Page 297
Prognosis......Page 298
Posttherapy Monitoring......Page 299
References......Page 300
Introduction......Page 303
Patients......Page 305
Statistical Analysis......Page 306
Immunohistochemical Expression of IDO in Endometrial Cancer Tissues......Page 307
Multivariate Analysis of Prognostic Variables in Endometrial Cancer Patients......Page 308
Discussion......Page 309
References......Page 311
Part VI - Skin Cancer......Page 314
Introduction......Page 316
Identification of Genes Implicated in Oncogenesis......Page 317
Biologic Role of Neurofibromin in Melanocytes......Page 319
Mutations of the NF1 Gene in NF1-Associated Malignant Melanoma......Page 320
Inactivation of the NF1 Gene in NF1-Associated Malignant Melanoma......Page 321
References......Page 322
Introduction and Clinical Background......Page 325
Potential Indications of Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in the Management of Malignant Melanoma......Page 326
Detection of Locoregional Lymph Node Invasion......Page 327
Pitfalls and Additional Value of Integrated PET/CT Imaging......Page 328
Role of FDG-PET in Monitoring Response to Therapy......Page 331
Alternative Tracers for Diagnosing MM and Monitoring Therapy Response......Page 332
References......Page 335
The Deep Penetrating Nevus as a Model of Paradoxical Melanocytic Invasion......Page 337
Immunostaining of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Discriminates Metastatic Malignant Melanoma from Deep Penetrating Nevus – Applicatio......Page 338
Immunohistochemical Evaluation......Page 339
Discussion and Biologic Background......Page 341
References......Page 344
The Eph/Ephrin Family......Page 346
Eph/Ephrin Expression in Human Skin......Page 347
Epha1 and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer......Page 349
References......Page 351
Introduction......Page 355
Alemtuzumab as Monotherapy in Pretreated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia......Page 356
Combination Therapy......Page 362
Consolidation Therapy with Alemtuzumab......Page 364
References......Page 366
Part VIII - Multiple Myeloma......Page 371
Introduction......Page 372
Monoclonal Antibodies......Page 373
Anti-IL-6 Therapy......Page 374
Strategies for Targeting IGF-1......Page 376
Immunotoxins and Immunoconjugates......Page 377
Radioimmunoconjugates......Page 378
Myeloma Vaccines......Page 379
Growth Factors......Page 380
Thalidomide and Immunomodulatory Drugs......Page 381
Radiotherapy......Page 382
Bone Seeking Radiopharmaceuticals......Page 384
Mechanism of Action of STR......Page 385
Phase I/II Dosimetry Study......Page 386
Ongoing Phase III Trials......Page 388
Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 389
References......Page 390
Part IX - Sarcoma......Page 394
Introduction......Page 396
Primers......Page 397
RT-PCR......Page 398
Results......Page 399
Evaluation of the RT-PCR Results......Page 400
References......Page 401
Introduction......Page 402
Materials......Page 404
Manual Immunostaining......Page 405
Automated Immunostaining......Page 406
Results and Discussion......Page 407
References......Page 410
Introduction......Page 413
Materials......Page 415
Methods......Page 416
Interpretation......Page 425
Histogenesis......Page 426
HHV8 Infection......Page 429
Angiogenesis......Page 430
Apoptosis......Page 431
Therapy......Page 432
Conclusion......Page 433
References......Page 434
Introduction......Page 440
Histology......Page 441
Immunohistochemistry......Page 443
Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics......Page 445
In Situ hybridization......Page 446
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)......Page 448
Prognostic Markers for Synovial Sarcoma......Page 449
Introduction......Page 456
Inhibition of Transcription Factors......Page 457
Inhibition of DNA Repair Machinery......Page 458
Metabolism and Toxicity of ET-743......Page 459
Clinical Activity of ET-743 in Patients with Sarcoma......Page 461
References......Page 463
Index......Page 466