Methods of behavior analysis in neuroscience

Methods of BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS in NEUROSCIENCE......Page 2
Series Preface......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
The Editor......Page 10
Contributors......Page 12
Contents......Page 16
Choice of Animal Subjects in Behavioral Analysis......Page 18
II. Origin of the Albino Laboratory Rat......Page 19
III. The Laboratory Rat in Behavioral Research......Page 20
VI. Strain Selection......Page 21
B. The Long-Evans Strain......Page 22
D. Sprague-Dawley Rats......Page 23
G. Wild Norway Rats......Page 24
A. Rat Strains Selected for Preference of Û and Sensitivity to Û Alcohol......Page 25
E. Maudsley Strains......Page 26
I. Dahl Salt Sensitive Rats......Page 27
IX. Mice in Behavioral Research......Page 28
A. Advantages......Page 29
D. Basic Behavioral Differences Among Monkey Species......Page 30
E. Primate Cognitive Skills......Page 33
F. Transfer of Training......Page 34
XII. Discussion......Page 36
References......Page 38
The Behavioral Assessment of Sensorimotor Processes in the Mouse: Acoustic Startle, Locomotor Activity, RotaRod, and Beam Walking......Page 43
II. Acoustic Startle......Page 44
1. Equipment......Page 45
4. Testing Location......Page 46
1. Acoustic Startle......Page 47
3. Prepulse Inhibition (PPI)......Page 48
4. Statistical Analysis......Page 49
III. Motor Function and Spontaneous Exploration......Page 51
1. Open Field (Non-automated)......Page 53
2. Open Field (Automated)......Page 56
4. Example Experiment......Page 57
1. RotaRod......Page 59
2. Beam Balance/Walking......Page 60
References......Page 64
I. Introduction......Page 67
II. TA Conditioning and Assessment Methodology......Page 68
A. Example Two-Bottle Experiment......Page 69
C. Preconditioning CS and UCS Familiarity Effects......Page 71
D. Forgetting......Page 72
III. Use of CTA in Drug Discrimination Learning......Page 75
IV. Drug Toxicity......Page 80
V. Selection Breeding for Efficient and Inefficient CTA Conditionability......Page 81
References......Page 83
I. Introduction......Page 87
A. Subjects......Page 88
C. Initial Training......Page 89
E. Discrimination Data......Page 90
A. Stimulus Generalization......Page 91
B. Drugs as Stimuli......Page 92
C. Time Course......Page 93
IV. Summary......Page 94
References......Page 95
Conditioned Place Preference: An Approach to Evaluating Positive and Negative Drug- Induced Stimuli......Page 97
I. Introduction......Page 98
C. Route of Administration......Page 99
D. Radial Arm Design......Page 100
B. Biased and Unbiased Designs......Page 101
A. Training......Page 102
A. Mechanisms of Drug Action......Page 103
References......Page 104
I. Introduction......Page 106
A. Initial Training......Page 108
C. Fixed-Interval Schedules......Page 109
E. Progressive-Ratio Schedules......Page 110
IV. Research Application and Data Interpretation......Page 112
V. Discussion......Page 119
References......Page 121
I. Introduction......Page 126
A. Introduction......Page 127
B. Materials......Page 128
D. Training Steps......Page 129
E. Data Analysis and Notes......Page 130
A. Introduction......Page 131
D. Training Steps......Page 132
E. Data Analysis and Notes......Page 133
V. Names and Addresses of Vendors Discussed in the Text......Page 136
References......Page 134
Assessment of Distractibility in Non- Human Primates Performing a Delayed Matching- to- Sample Task......Page 137
I. Introduction......Page 138
II. Non-Human Primate Models of Distractibility: Task- Irrelevant Stimuli......Page 139
A. DMTS Paradigm......Page 141
B. DMTS with Distractor Stimuli......Page 144
IV. Age- and Time-Dependent Effects of Visual Distractor Presentation on Delayed Recall in Aged and Young Macaques (macaca mulatta and macaca nemestrima)......Page 145
V. Effects of Methylphenidate Administration on Distractibility in Young- Adult Monkeys......Page 148
VI. Discussion and Interpretation of DMTS Performance......Page 149
References......Page 151
I. Introduction......Page 154
B. Equipment......Page 156
C. Procedure: Single Trial Retention Method......Page 157
D. Procedure: Multi-Trial Repeated Acquisition Method......Page 159
E. Procedure: Inhibitory Avoidance in Mice......Page 160
IV. Analysis and Interpretation......Page 161
V. Representative Data......Page 162
References......Page 163
Spatial Navigation ( Water Maze) Tasks......Page 165
I. Introduction......Page 166
II. Standard Procedures......Page 167
1. Testing Apparatus......Page 168
3. Transfer Tests (Probe Trials)......Page 169
4. Visible Platform Test......Page 170
3. Visible Platform Tests......Page 171
C. Representative Data......Page 172
B. Platform Discrimination Procedures......Page 175
References......Page 177
The Delayed Non- Match- to- Sample Radial Arm Maze Task: Application to Models of AlzheimerÌs Disease......Page 179
I. Introduction/Rationale......Page 180
A. Subjects......Page 181
B. Apparatus......Page 182
C. Habituation/Training Procedure ( All Arms Accessible Design)......Page 183
D. Delay Non-Match-to-Sample (DNMTS) Procedure......Page 184
E. Different Types of Errors in the RAM......Page 185
C. Delayed Match-to-Sample (DMTS)......Page 186
F. Submerged RAM......Page 187
B. Pre-Baited Arms......Page 188
A. Chlordiazepoxide Modulation......Page 189
C. Attenuation of Scopolamine Impairment......Page 190
D. AF64A Impairment......Page 191
VI. Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 194
References......Page 195
Abstract......Page 200
II. Radial-Arm Maze Design......Page 201
C. Mouse Radial-Arm Maze......Page 202
B. Win-Shift Acquisition......Page 203
C. Working/Reference Memory......Page 204
IV. Data Analysis......Page 207
References......Page 209
An Operant Analysis of Fronto- Striatal Function in the Rat......Page 211
A. HD Pathology......Page 212
III. Excitotoxic (and Other) Lesions of the Rat Striatum......Page 213
A. Operant Chambers......Page 215
B. Operant Tasks to Assess Striatal Function in the Rat......Page 217
A. Operant Analysis of the Sensory and Motor Aspects of Sensorimotor Striatal Neglect......Page 218
B. Operant Tasks to Delimit the Specificity of Striatal Neglect......Page 221
A. Delayed Matching Tasks......Page 224
B. Delayed Alternation Tasks......Page 225
VII. Operant Analysis of Striatal Lesions: Deficits in Motivational State......Page 230
VIII. Conclusion......Page 232
References......Page 233
Use of Autoshaping with Non- Delayed and Delayed Reinforcement for Studying Effects upon Acquisition and Consolidation of Information......Page 240
I. Introduction and Overview......Page 241
A. Choice of Autoshaping as a Behavioral Assay......Page 244
B. Wrongful Expectations of Simple, Linear Dose- Response Relationships......Page 246
C. Vasopressin and Enhanced Cognition or Arousal?......Page 247
D. Trimethyltin Neurobehavioral Toxicity and the Learning- Performance Distinction......Page 248
E. Effects of Pharmacological Manipulations Upon Performance: Problems of Interpretation......Page 251
F. Physostigmine and Autoshaping: Examples of Hypotheses Testing, Complex Experimental Design, and Data Analyses......Page 252
II. Materials and Methods......Page 255
A. Unconditioned Exploratory Rearing Activity ( Strip Touches)......Page 259
B. Autoshaped Extended Lever Touches......Page 261
IV. Discussion......Page 266
A. Conclusions......Page 271
References......Page 273
I. Introduction......Page 277
A. Delayed Response Tasks......Page 278
B. Delayed Matching-to-Sample......Page 280
C. Delayed Alternation......Page 281
B. Discrimination Reversal Tasks......Page 283
C. Object Retrieval Task......Page 284
References......Page 286
I. Introduction......Page 288
A. Motivation: Progressive Ratio Task......Page 290
B. Discrimination Behavior: Color and Position Discrimination Task......Page 291
C. Timing Behavior: Temporal Response Differentiation Task......Page 292
D. Short-Term Memory: Delayed Matching-to- Sample Task......Page 293
E. Learning Behavior: Repeated Acquisition Task......Page 294
III. Correlations Between Tasks......Page 295
IV. Behavioral Profiles of Drug Effects......Page 296
V. Drug Effects: Concordance with Human Data......Page 297
VI. Comparison of Monkey OTB Performance with that of Children......Page 298
References......Page 299
Theoretical and Practical Considerations for the Evaluation of Learning and Memory in Mice......Page 302
A. Historical and Theoretical Issues: Implication for the Selection of Memory Tasks......Page 303
3. Relational vs. Procedural Memory......Page 304
1. Memory Systems......Page 305
2. Cognitive Processes......Page 306
A. Subject Selection......Page 307
III. Task Selection......Page 308
1. Bar-Pressing Task......Page 309
2. Radial Arm Maze......Page 312
1. Water Maze......Page 320
2. Pavlovian Fear Conditioning......Page 325
References......Page 328