Methods for Electrocatalysis: Advanced Materials and Allied Applications

Contents
Earth Abundant Electrocatalyst
	1 Introduction
	2 Role of Earth Abundant Electrocatalyst (EAEs) Towards Various Applications
		2.1 Role of EAEs Towards Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
		2.2 Role of EAEs Towards Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER)
		2.3 Role of EAEs Towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
		2.4 Role of EAEs Towards Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction
		2.5 Role of EAEs Towards Nitrogen Reduction Reaction
		2.6 Role of EAEs in Detection of Toxic Elements
		2.7 Role of EAEs in Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)
	3 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Metal–Organic Frameworks for Electrocatalysis
	1 Introduction of Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
	2 MOFs for Electrocatalysis
		2.1 Pristine MOFs as Electrocatalysts
		2.2 MOF Composites as Electrocatalysts
		2.3 MOF-Derived Materials as Electrocatalysts
	3 Conclusion
	References
Single-Atom Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
	1 Introduction
	2 Single-Atom Catalysts (SACs)
	3 Density Functional Theory
	4 Typical Preparation Methods
	5 Characterization Techniques
		5.1 Synchrotron-Based Techniques as Ultimate Tools for SACs Characterization
		5.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
	6 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
	7 Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER)
	8 Perspectives
	References
Electrocatalysis: Application of Nanocomposite Materials
	1 Electrocatalysis
		1.1 Electrocatalysts and Its Features
		1.2 Nanocomposite Material as an Electrocatalyst
	2 Different Applications of Nanocomposite as an Electrocatalyst
		2.1 Nanocomposite Based Electrocatalysis in Oxygen Reduction (i.e. Fuel Cell)
		2.2 Nanocomposite Based Electrocatalysis in Sensors
		2.3 Nanocomposite Based Electrocatalysis in Synthetic Organic Electrochemistry
	3 Future Prospects and Concluding Remarks
	References
Polymer Electrocatalysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Polymer Electro-Catalysis
		2.1 Photo-Catalysts
		2.2 Sacrificial Reagents
		2.3 Application of External Bias Voltage
		2.4 Solution Phase Electro-Catalysis
		2.5 Surface Electro-Catalysis
	3 Fuel Cells
		3.1 Classification of Fuel Cells
	4 Conclusion
	References
Oxygen Evolution Reaction
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Challenges to Be Overcome
	2 The History of Oxygen Evolution Reaction Proposed Mechanisms
	3 Trends of Materials for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
		3.1 Transition Metal Perovskite Oxide Materials
		3.2 Ferroelectricity Feature of Metal Perovskite Oxides
		3.3 Double Perovskites
		3.4 Studied Materials in 2019 Literature
	References
Electrocatalysts for Photochemical Water-Splitting
	1 Introduction
		1.1 General
		1.2 H2 Production Routes
	2 Water Splitting
		2.1 Solar Water Splitting
		2.2 Types of Solar Water Splitting
	3 Photochemical Water Splitting
		3.1 Photocatalytic Water Splitting
		3.2 Z-Scheme Water Splitting
	4 Catalysts for Photochemical Water Splitting
		4.1 Effect of Cocatalyst
		4.2 Noble Metal and Their Oxide as Catalysts
		4.3 Earth-Abundant Metal Catalysts
		4.4 Earth-Abundant Metal Oxide Catalysts
		4.5 Metal Chalcogenides as Catalysts
		4.6 Metal Phosphides as Catalysts
	5 Summary and Outlook
	References
Role of Earth-Abundant/Carbonaceous Electrocatalysts as Cocatalyst for Solar Water Splitting
	1 Introduction
	2 Electrocatalyst in Solar Water Splitting: An Adaptive Junction
	3 Catalysts for Photoelectrochemical HER
	4 Catalysts for the Photoelectrochemical OER
	5 Carbonaceous
	6 Conclusion
	References
Cationic Electrocatalysis in Effecting the Electrosynthesis of Tungsten Carbide Nanopowders in Molten Salts
	1 Introduction
	2 Background. Cationic Electrocatalysis of the Electroreduction of Complicated Oxyanions in Salt Melts
	3 Cation Catalysis of the Electroreduction of Tungstate Anion in the Na,K|Cl Melt
		3.1 Quantum-Chemical Estimation of Influence of Outer-Sphere Cations (Mg2+) on Charge Transfer During [WO4]2− Reduction
		3.2 Voltammetric Study of the Effect of Mg2+ Cations on the Discharge of Tungstate Anion in a Chloride Melt
	4 Using the Phenomenon of Cationic Electrocatalysis for the Joint Reduction of Carbon Dioxide and Tungstate Anion in Chloride Melts
		4.1 Peculiarities of the Discharge of CO2 Dissolved in Chloride Melts
		4.2 Joint Electroreduction of [WO4]2− and CO2 in Chloride Melts Having Different Acidities
		4.3 Practical Implementation of the Electrochemical Synthesis of Tungsten Carbide Nanopowders in Chloride-Oxide Melts
	5 Conclusions
	References
Microalgae-Based Systems Applied to Bioelectrocatalysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Biological Fuel Cells
	3 Factors Influencing the Bioelectricity Production from Microalgae
	4 Interactions Between Microalgae and Electrodes
		4.1 Microalgae at the Cathode
		4.2 Microalgae at the Anode
	5 Microalgae-Based Microbial Fuel Cells Configurations
	6 Applicability of the Process
	7 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
Current Trends in Electrodeposition of Electrocatalytic Coatings
	1 Introduction
	2 Nickel and Nickel-Based Alloys
	3 Iron, Cobalt and Their Alloys
	4 Copper and Copper-Based Alloys
	5 Noble Metals and Their Alloys
	6 Chromium and Chromium-Based Alloys
	7 Composite Coatings
	8 Conclusions
	References
Carbon Based Electrocatalysts
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanocomposite Applications in Electrocatalysis
		2.1 Graphene
		2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTS)
		2.3 Other Carbon Based and Metallic Nanocomposite Materials
	3 Conclusion
	References
State-of-the-Art Advances and Perspectives for Electrocatalysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Hydrogen Evolution Reactions
		2.1 Insight of Reactions During Water Electrolysis
		2.2 Mechanism of Electrochemical HER
		2.3 Key Parameters to Evaluate HER Performances
	3 Molybdenum Disulphide (MoS2)
		3.1 Structure of MoS2
		3.2 Chemical Synthesis of MoS2
	4 MoS2 as HER Electrocatalyst
		4.1 Activating Basal Plane of MoS2
		4.2 Heteroatom Doping on MoS2 Structure
		4.3 MoS2 Hybrid Nanostructures for HER
	5 Summary and Future Perspectives
	References
Electrocatalysts for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
	1 Introduction
	2 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
	3 Properties of Semiconductor Photocatalysts for Water Splitting
		3.1 Bandgap
		3.2 Band Edges Positions
		3.3 Charge Carriers Separation and Migration
		3.4 Stability in Aqueous Media
	4 Photocatalysts for Water Splitting
		4.1 UV-Active Photocatalysts
		4.2 Visible Light Active Photocatalysts
	5 Difficulties in Achieving Water Splitting Under Visible Light
	6 Strategies for Improving the Visible Response of UV-Active Photocatalysts
		6.1 Doping with Metals
		6.2 Doping with Nonmetal
		6.3 Co-doping with Metal and Nonmetal
		6.4 Surface Sensitization with Dyes
		6.5 Coupling of Photocatalysts
	7 Conclusions
	References
Oxygen Reduction Reaction
	1 Introduction
	2 Oxygen Reduction Reaction Kinetics
		2.1 Tafel Slope
		2.2 Exchange Current Density
	3 Electrochemical Techniques in Oxygen Reduction Reaction
		3.1 Steady-State Polarization
		3.2 Cyclic Voltammetry
		3.3 Rotating Disk Electrode
		3.4 Rotating Ring Disk Electrode
	4 Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
		4.1 Pt-Based Catalyst for ORR
		4.2 Platinum Group Metal (PGM)-Free Catalysts
		4.3 Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for ORR
	References
History, Progress, and Development of Electrocatalysis
	1 Introduction
	2 History of Electrocatalysis
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 History
	3 Progress and Development of Electrocatalysis
		3.1 Electrochemical Energy Conversion
	References
Characterization of Electrocatalyst
	1 Introduction
	2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
	3 Physical Surface Area Determination
	4 Infra-Red Spectroscopy (IR)
	5 UV-vis Spectroscopy
	6 Electron Microscopy
	7 Electrochemical Techniques
	8 Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV)
	9 Tafel Analysis
	10 Cyclic Voltammetry
	11 Electrochemical Active Surface Area (ECSA) from CV
	12 Chronoamperometry/Chronopotentiometry
	13 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
	14 Mott–Schottky Analysis
	15 Conclusion
	References
Interface Chemistry of Platinum-Based Materials for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Conditions
	1 Background and Brief Introduction
	2 HER Mechanism in Alkaline Condition
	3 HER Electrocatalysis on Interface of Pt
	4 HER Activity on the Interface of Pt-Based Materials
		4.1 Pt–M Nanocomposite for Alkaline HER
		4.2 Pt–MO Nanocomposite for Alkaline HER
		4.3 Pt–M(OH) Nanocomposite for Alkaline HER
		4.4 Other Pt-Based Nanocomposites for Alkaline HER
	5 Conclusion and Perspective
	References