Metaphor in Culture: Universality and Variation

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 13
1 Introduction: Metaphor and the Issue of Universality......Page 21
THE MAIN ISSUE: UNIVERSALITY AND VARIATION IN METAPHOR......Page 22
COMPONENTS OF THE COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC VIEW OF METAPHOR......Page 25
What Kind of “Thing” Is Metaphor?......Page 28
A NEW LOOK AT THE ISSUE OF UNIVERSALITY AND VARIATION IN METAPHOR......Page 30
The Structure of the Book......Page 33
PART I UNIVERSAL METAPHORS......Page 35
2 Metaphor: From Language to Body, and Back......Page 37
Kinds of Embodiment......Page 38
Ways of Studying Embodiment......Page 40
METAPHOR IN THE BRAIN......Page 43
The Kind of Brain Needed for Metaphorical Thought......Page 44
METAPHOR IN THOUGHT......Page 46
Alternative Conceptualization......Page 47
How Can We Study Metaphorical Thought?......Page 48
What Role Does Metaphor Play in Online Understanding of Metaphorical Language?......Page 50
METAPHOR IN LANGUAGE......Page 52
WHY ARE METAPHORS UNIVERSAL?......Page 54
THE CASE OF EMOTIONS......Page 55
Happiness......Page 56
Anger......Page 59
THE EVENT STRUCTURE METAPHOR......Page 63
The TIME ORIENTATION Metaphor......Page 67
The MOVING TIME Metaphor......Page 69
The MOVING OBSERVER Metaphor......Page 71
INNER LIFE......Page 74
The LOCATIONAL SELF Metaphor......Page 75
The SOCIAL SELF Metaphor......Page 76
The ESSENTIAL SELF Metaphor......Page 77
The Structure of the SELF Metaphor System......Page 78
The Japanese and Hungarian SELF System......Page 79
WHICH METAPHORS ARE UNIVERSAL, AND WHY?......Page 83
PART II DIMENSIONS OF METAPHOR VARIATION......Page 85
4 Cross-Cultural Variation......Page 87
CONGRUENT METAPHORS......Page 88
The Range of the Target......Page 90
The Scope of the Source......Page 92
Large-Scale Alternative Conceptualizations......Page 99
PREFERENTIAL CONCEPTUALIZATION......Page 102
UNIQUE METAPHORS......Page 106
5 Within-Culture Variation in Metaphor......Page 108
THE SOCIAL DIMENSION......Page 109
THE ETHNIC DIMENSION......Page 112
THE REGIONAL DIMENSION......Page 113
THE STYLE DIMENSION......Page 115
Religious Groups......Page 117
Literature......Page 120
Psychotherapeutic Discourse......Page 121
THE DIACHRONIC DIMENSION......Page 123
THE DEVELOPMENTAL DIMENSION......Page 125
THE INDIVIDUAL DIMENSION......Page 126
BREAKING DOWN THE BOUNDARIES OF DIMENSIONS......Page 131
PART III ASPECTS OF METAPHOR INVOLVED IN VARIATION......Page 135
6 How Components of Conceptual Metaphor: Are Involved in Variation......Page 137
Source......Page 138
Specificity and Congruence of the Source......Page 140
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOURCE AND TARGET......Page 141
Scope of Source......Page 142
MAPPINGS......Page 143
ENTAILMENTS......Page 147
BLENDING......Page 148
METAPHOR VARIATION: WHERE ARE WE NOW?......Page 150
7 Conceptual Metaphors and Their Linguistic Expression in Different Languages......Page 151
THE EXPRESSION OF THE SAME FIGURATIVE MEANING......Page 152
THE EXPRESSION OF ABSTRACT MEANING ACROSS LANGUAGES......Page 163
Degree of Linguistic Elaboration......Page 171
Kinds of Linguistic Expressions......Page 172
Degree of Specificity......Page 173
Scope of Metaphor......Page 174
CULTURAL–IDEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND......Page 175
HOW DO OUR FOUR QUESTIONS GET ANSWERED?......Page 180
HOW CAN CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS BE REALIZED IN SOCIAL PRACTICE?......Page 183
AMERICAN STUDIES AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE......Page 187
Movies......Page 190
Advertisements......Page 191
Symbols......Page 192
Interpretation of History......Page 193
Politics and Foreign Policy......Page 194
Morality......Page 195
Social Practices......Page 196
Anger......Page 197
Friendship......Page 198
Love......Page 199
Anger Again......Page 200
Love Again......Page 201
INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN METAPHOR......Page 202
METAPHOR AT THE HEART OF AMERICAN CULTURE: LIFE AS A SHOW......Page 204
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR THE STUDY OF AMERICAN CULTURE?......Page 209
TOWARD A NEW CULTURAL STUDIES......Page 212
9 Metaphors and Cultural Models......Page 213
CENTRAL METAPHORS AND CULTURAL MODELS......Page 214
DOES METAPHOR REFLECT OR CONSTITUTE CULTURAL MODELS?......Page 220
Ungrounded Literal Emergence......Page 222
Grounded Literal Emergence......Page 224
Internally Grounded Metaphorical Emergence......Page 229
Externally Grounded Metaphorical Emergence......Page 237
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS AND CULTURAL MODELS IN REAL DISCOURSE......Page 243
HOW DO CULTURAL MODELS EMERGE?......Page 247
PART IV CAUSES OF METAPHOR VARIATION......Page 249
10 Causes of Variation in Metaphor......Page 251
Awareness of Context......Page 252
Differential Memory: The Role of History......Page 261
Differential Concerns and Interests......Page 263
Experiential Focus......Page 266
Viewpoint Preference......Page 272
Prototypes and Framing......Page 273
Metaphor Versus Metonymy Preference......Page 277
FURTHER CAUSES OF METAPHOR VARIATION?......Page 278
METAPHORICAL CREATIVITY......Page 279
Can Metaphorical Thought Be Completely “Free”?......Page 284
CREATIVITY THROUGH BLENDING......Page 287
Types of Conceptual Integration......Page 290
DIFFERENTIAL APPLICATION OF UNIVERSAL CREATIVE PROCESSES......Page 302
METAPHOR AND CULTURE......Page 303
Metaphor and Social–Cultural Experience......Page 305
The Role of Embodiment in Metaphor Revisited......Page 306
An Example of How the Three Systems Work Together......Page 307
A Case of Apparent Conflict......Page 308
“Cognition over Embodiment” Override......Page 309
“Social–Cultural Experience” Override......Page 310
UNIVERSALITY AND VARIATION IN METAPHOR: THE OVERALL PICTURE......Page 312
References......Page 315
Index......Page 327