Metals, Fertility, and Reproductive Toxicity

Front cover......Page 1
Editor......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
Other Sources of Information......Page 12
Reproductive Toxicity of Mercury, Cadmium, and Arsenic......Page 16
Developmental Toxicity: Pregnancy Outcome......Page 17
Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife......Page 18
Male Reproductive Toxicity......Page 19
Birth Weight Studies......Page 20
Cadmium Estrogenic Actions......Page 22
Arsenic as a Teratogen in Animal Studies......Page 23
Pregnancy Outcome in Human Populations Exposed via Drinking Water......Page 24
Animal Studies of Reproductive Toxicity with Drinking Water Exposure......Page 26
References......Page 28
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Organotin Compounds......Page 34
Introduction......Page 35
Imposex on Gastropods......Page 36
Effects on Fish......Page 38
Reproductive Toxicity of Triphenyltins......Page 39
Reproductive Toxicity of Diphenyltin Compounds......Page 42
Developmental Toxicity of Phenyltin Compounds......Page 44
Reproductive Toxicity of Butyltin Compounds......Page 46
Summary of Reproductive Toxicity of Butyltin Compounds......Page 50
In Vivo Developmental Toxic Effects of Butyltin Compounds......Page 51
In Vitro Dysmorphogenic Effects of Butyltin Compounds......Page 60
Developmental Toxicity of Miscellaneous Organotin Compounds......Page 62
Conclusions......Page 65
References......Page 66
Adverse Effects of Aluminum, Uranium, and Vanadium on Reproduction and Intrauterine Development in Mammals......Page 76
Aluminum......Page 77
Reproductive Effects of Aluminum......Page 78
Embryo/Fetal Toxicity of Aluminum......Page 79
Developmental Effects of Aluminum and Maternal Stress......Page 81
Protective Effects of Chelators on Al-Induced Maternal and Developmental Toxicity......Page 82
Uranium......Page 83
Reproductive Toxicity of Uranium......Page 84
Embryo/Fetal Toxicity of Uranium......Page 87
Conclusions......Page 89
Vanadium......Page 90
Reproductive Toxicity of Vanadium......Page 91
Embryo/Fetal Toxicity of Vanadium......Page 93
Vanadium Effects on Reproduction and Fetal Development in Diabetes......Page 96
References......Page 97
Intrauterine and Reproductive Toxicity of Nutritionally Essential Metals......Page 104
Introduction......Page 105
Studies in Humans......Page 106
Intrauterine Toxicity......Page 107
In Vivo Mammalian Injection Studies......Page 108
In Vivo Mammalian Oral Administration Studies......Page 110
Fertility and Reproductive Toxicity......Page 112
Chromium......Page 113
Cobalt......Page 117
Manganese......Page 118
Molybdenum......Page 119
Nickel......Page 120
Mechanism Considerations......Page 121
References......Page 122
Lead Exposure and Its Effects on the Reproductive System......Page 128
Absorption and Metabolism......Page 129
The Male Reproductive Axis (Figure 6.1)......Page 130
The Female Reproductive Axis (Figure 6.2)......Page 131
Effects of Lead on Male Reproduction......Page 132
Animal Studies......Page 133
Clinical Studies......Page 145
Animal Studies......Page 151
Clinical Studies......Page 155
References......Page 157
Introduction......Page 166
Endocrine Regulation......Page 167
Follicular Development......Page 168
Consequences of Ovarian Toxicity......Page 169
Cadmium (Cd)......Page 170
Lead (Pb)......Page 173
Mercury (Hg)......Page 175
Chromium (Cr)......Page 177
Arsenic (As)......Page 178
Summary and Future Directions......Page 179
References......Page 180
Epidemiological and Occupational Studies of Metals in Male Reproductive Toxicity......Page 186
Introduction......Page 187
Outcome Measures......Page 188
Biologic Outcome Markers......Page 190
Nonbiological Markers......Page 193
Exposure Characteristics......Page 195
Timing of Metal Exposures......Page 196
Male Characteristics that Affect Exposure and Outcome Relationships......Page 201
Study Design Issues for Studies of Metals and Male Reproduction......Page 204
Boron......Page 205
Cadmium......Page 206
Chromium......Page 207
Magnesium......Page 208
Manganese......Page 209
Mercury......Page 210
Welding......Page 211
Summary......Page 213
References......Page 214
Use of Metal Reproductive Toxicity Data in Selecting Ecological Toxicity Reference Values for Small Mammals Inhabiting Hazardous Waste Sites......Page 224
Introduction......Page 225
Lead Literature Review......Page 226
Summary of the Studies Selected for TRV Development......Page 239
Summary of Studies Considered Supportive of a TRV......Page 240
Summary of Studies Rejected as Supportive of a TRV......Page 247
Scoping or Problem Formulation Phase......Page 248
Conclusions......Page 250
References......Page 251
Index......Page 256