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دانلود کتاب Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal

دانلود کتاب Mesocosm: هندوئیسم و ​​سازماندهی یک شهر سنتی نیوار در نپال

Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal

مشخصات کتاب

Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal

ویرایش:  
نویسندگان: ,   
سری:  
ISBN (شابک) : 0520069110 
ناشر: University of California Press 
سال نشر: 1990 
تعداد صفحات: 843 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
حجم فایل: 9 مگابایت 

قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 41,000



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فهرست مطالب

Mesocosm
	CONTENTS
	MAPS
	FIGURES
	PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
		Chapter One Introduction
			The Background of This Study
			How The Study Was Done
	PART ONE ORIENTATIONS AND CONTEXTS
		Chapter Two Orientations
			Bhaktapur and the Newars
			Ways of Looking at the Organization of Bhaktapur
				Ballet
				Typological Conceits: The Archaic City
				Historical Conceits: The Ancient Indo-European City and the Axial Age
				Typological Conceits: Kinds Of Minds—A Continent in the Great Divide
				Organizational Conceits: The Civic Function of Symbolism in Bhaktapur and, Presumably, in Other Such...
				Organizational Conceits: Embedded And Marked Symbolism
				Typological Conceits: Hinduism As An Archaic Kind of Symbol System And Bhaktapur As A Hindu Climax C...
				Psychological Conceits: What Is A Newar That He or She May Know Bhaktapur
		Chapter Three Nepal, the Kathmandu Valley, and Some History
			Introduction
			Nepal
			The Kathmandu Valley
			Notes On Early Newar History
			Bhaktapur's Beginnings
			Jayasthiti Malla and the Ordering of Bhaktapur
			From Jayasthiti Malla to the Fall of the Newar Polity
			The Gorkhali State, And the Submerging of the Newars in Greater Nepal
			The 1950 Revolution Against The Rana Regime
		Chapter Four Bhaktapur's Other Order
			Introduction
			The Physical City
			Some Demographic Notes
			Population Density
			Bhaktapur's Demography: Newars And Hindu Newars
			The Hinterland
			Relation To The Central Government
			The Agricultural Economy
			The Nonagricultural Economy
			A Summary Note
		Chapter Five The Distribution of Roles: The Macrostatus System
			Introduction: Thar And Macrostatus Levels
			The Thar
			An Excursion. Caste, Class, And Varna*
			Who In Bhaktapur Is A Newar?
			The Macrostatus Levels: Newar Hindus, The Core System
			The Macrostatus System: Buddhist Thars and Some Notes on Newar Buddhism
			Non-Newars: Brahmans
			Non-Newars: Matha* Priests
			Non-Newars: Others
			Thar, Macrostatus, and the Organization of Occupational and Ritual Roles
			Thar And Macrostatus Demography
			Entailments and Markers of the Macrostatus Levels
			Status Ranking of and by Outsiders
				1. Groups within Bhaktapur: Buddhist Bare.
				2. Groups within Bhaktapur: non-Newar Brahmans and Matha* priests.
				3. Relations to other non-Newar Nepalis, both in and out of Bhaktapur.
				4. Partyas' conceptions of Newars.
			Envoi
		Chapter Six Inside the Thars
			Introduction: The Internal Structure of the Thar
			Household and Household Size
			Household Roles
			Wives and Households
			Household Hierarchy, Authority, and Purity and the Cipa System
			The Comparative Freedom of the Newar Woman in the Northern Hindu Context
				Newar Menstrual Disabilities in Comparison with the Indo-Nepalese
			A Wife's Natal Household's Relation to Her Children: The Mother's Brother
			Marriage
			Remarriage And Multiple Marriage
			The Lack of Hypergamic Implications of Marriage
			Adoption and Marriage
			Major Kin Groupings: (I) Kul, Phuki and Their Women
			Major Kin Groupings: (II) Feminal Kin, Tha:Thiti
			Phuki and Thar
			Ritual Friendship and Fictive Kinship
			Kinship Terminology
			Guthis, Organizations for Special Purposes
			The Inside of the Thars in Relation to the City's Mesocosm
	PART TWO THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE MESOCOSM
		Chapter Seven The Symbolic Organization of Space
			Introduction
			The City As An Icon of A God
			A Note on Hill and River
			The Idealization of Space: Bhaktapur As A Yantra
			The City Boundaries and the Bordering Outside
				City Boundaries: The Boundary-Protecting Goddesses
				City Boundaries: The External Seat of the Lineage God, The Digu God
				City Boundaries: Cremation, Dying, And Purification
				City Boundaries: The Untouchables' Proper Place
				On Boundaries
			Bhaktapur As A Mandala*: The Nine Mandalic* Section
			City Halves: Ritually Organized Antagonism
			Status and Space: Concentric Circles
			The Village in the City, The Twa:
			Some Notes on the Symbolic Construction of the House
			Collapsed Structure Inside the City: Crossroads
			The Undercity
			Symbolized Space Beyond the City
			Integration of Spaces
		Chapter Eight Bhaktapur's Pantheon
			Introduction
			Approaches
			Divinities: Housing and Setting
				1. Temples, dega:s.
				2. God-houses, dya: che(n)s.
				3. Shrines.
				4. Non-Newar Hindu structures.
			Gods With Temples and Shrines—Some Numbers
			Sorting Supernaturals—Some Preliminary Remarks
				1. "Major city gods."
				2. "Stone gods."
				3. "Astral divinities."
				4. "Ghosts and spirits."
			Major Gods: The "Ordinary" Deities
				Siva
					1. Siva as the creative principle.
					2. Siva, first among the gods.
					3. Siva as the generator of the dangerous gods.
					4. Siva as one of the group of ordinary gods.
				Visnu-Narayana* And His Avatars
				Ganesa*
				A Note on Yama
				The Ordinary Female Divinities: Laksmi, Sarasvati, And Parvati
			The Transition to the Dangerous Divinities
			Major Gods: The "Dangerous" Deities
				The Dangerous Goddess and Her Transformations
				The Mandalic* Goddesses
				The Nine Durgas
				Taleju, Bhaktapur's Political Goddess
				Bhagavati
				Miscellaneous Dangerous Goddesses
				Dangerous Goddesses: Some Principles of Classification
				Dangerous Male Gods
				Bhisi(n) (Bhima)
				Nasa Dya: (Nrtya* Natha)
				Bhaila Dya: (Bhairava)
			Natural Stones As Divinities
				Pithas
				The Digu God, Lineage Gods
				Protectors of Local Space, Chetrapal and Pikha Lakhu
				Mediators to the Underground—Disposers of Pollution
			Astral Deities
			The Brahmans' Vedic Gods
			Pilgrimage Gods of the Royal Center
			Household Gods
			Ghosts and Spirits
			Nagas
			Bhaktapur's Pantheon As A System of Signs
				Bhaktapur's Pantheon As A System of Signs: Some Notes on Idols
				Bhaktapur's Pantheon As A System of Signs: Classes of Meaningful Forms
					1. Proximity.
					2. Materiality.
					3. Artifice.
					4. Ordinary versus uncanny humanly worked forms.
					1. Proximate versus distant.
					2. Material versus immaterial.
					3. Worked versus natural.
					4. Benign versus dangerous.
				Bhaktapur's Pantheon As A System of Signs: Distinctions Within this. Types of Gods
				Bhaktapur's Pantheon As A System of Signs: Some Contrasts With Other Hindu Systems
			A Final Remark
		Chapter Nine Tantrism and the Worship of the Dangerous Deities
			Introduction
			Tantrism As A Religious Mode
			Tantrism In Popular Fantasy
			Upper-Status Tantrism
			Upper-Status Tantrism: Puja
			Upper-Status Tantrism: Family And Phuki Worship—Worship oF the Lineage Gods, The Aga(n) Gods, And th...
			Upper-Status Tantrism: Individually Centered Practices and Initiation
			Tantrism and the Public City
				Symbolic Complexes: Siva/Sakti
				Symbolic Complexes: Sacrifice
					Sacrifice: The Hierarchical Division of the Head
					Sacrifice: Human Sacrifice
					Sacrifice: Aspects of Its Significance in Bhaktapur
			Secrecy and Mystery
			In Sum
		Chapter Ten Priests
			Preliminaries: Priests and Kings—The Relations of the Symbolic Order and Power
			Preliminaries: Kinds of Priests and Priestly Functions
			Bhaktapur's Brahmans
				The Rajopadhyaya Brahmans
				Lakhae Brahmans
				Bhaktapur's Non-Newar Brahmans
			Overt Auxiliary Priests and Para-Priests
				Josi
				Acajus
				Tini
			Purity Technicians With Limited Functions
				The Bha
				The Cala(n)
				The Kata:
				The Nau
			Hindu Use of Buddhist Priests
			Covert Para-Priests: The Pollution-Accumulating Thars—Po(n) and Jugi
			Temple and Shrine Priests
			Some Remarks on the Status Of The Rajopadhyaya Brahman In Bhaktapur
		Chapter Eleven Purity and Impurity: On the Borders of the Sacred
			Introduction
			A Tangle of Interpretations
			What Is Polluted, And What Is Polluting?
			Pollution, Ingestion, And Disgust
			Bodies and Corporate Bodies and Their Exuviae
			What Is Polluted and Polluting in Birth and Death?
			The Management of Pollution in Bhaktapur: Avoidance, Surrogation, and Cleaning
				Surrogate Absorption of Contaminants—Both Dirty and Clean
				Purification
			The Purity Complex: Psychological Resonances and Social Order
	PART THREE THE DANCE OF SYMBOLS
		Chapter Twelve The Civic Ballet: Annual Time and the Festival Cycles
			Introduction
			The Calendar
			Approaches to Meaning
				Cycles
				Selection from the Hindu Set of Festivals
				Aspects of the Analysis of Calendrical Events
			The Inclusion and Sequential Numbering of Calendrically Determined Events
		Chapter Thirteen The Events of the Lunar Year
			Introduction
			Swanti and the Lunar New Year [77, 78, 79, 1, 2]
			Miscellaneous Events [3-7]
				Jugari Na:Mi [3]
				Hari Bodhini [4]
				Saki Mana Punhi [5]
				Gopinatha Jatra [6]
				Bala, Ca:Re [7]
			Sukhu(n) Bhisi(n)dya: Jatra [8]
			Ya: Marhi Punhi [9]
			Miscellaneous Events [10-11]
			The Month of the Swasthani Vrata
			Sarasvati Festivals [12, 13]
			Madya: Jatra [14] End of Swasthani Vrata
			Sila Ca:re (Sivaratri) [15]
			The Minor Festivals of Krsna* (Holi) [16, 17]
			The Approach of the Season of Anxiety [18, 19]
			Biska:, The Solar New Year [20-29]
			The Dewali Period, the Worship of the Digu Lineage Deities [30]
			The Minor Dasai(n) of Rama [31, 32]
			Honoring Mothers [33]
			Aksaya* Trtiya* [34]
			Candesvari* Jatra [35]
			Buddha Jaya(n)ti and a Note on "Buddhist" Festivals in Bhaktapur
			Sithi Nakha [36]
			Candi* Bhagavati Jatra [37]
			Dasa Hara [38]
			Panauti Jatra [39]
			Bhagasti [40], the Death of the nine Durgas (Devi Cycle)
			Minor Festivals of Visnu* [41-43] and the Beginning of the Caturmasa Vrata
			Guru Puja [44]
			Gatha Muga: Ca:re [45] (Devi Cycle)
			Naga Pa(n)cami [46]
			Gunhi Punhi [47], Beginning of the Densest Festival Season
			Saparu [48], the Cow Festivalof the Dead of the Previous Year, and the Annual Carnival
			Miscellaneous Events: Krsna* Janmastami [49] and Sitala Puja [50]
			Gokarna* Au(n)si [51], Honoring Fathers
			Miscellaneous Minor Events [52-58]: a Note on Tij, a Festival Which the Newars do not Have
			Events During the Period of Indra Jatra [59-65]: the Transformation of Festival Themes and Events in...
			The Remainder of the Yearly Calendrical Cycle [66-79]
		Chapter Fourteen The Events of the Solar Cycle
			Introduction
			Ghya: Caku Sa(n)lhu [10]
			Biska: [20-29]: The Solar New Year Festival
				The Preliminary Preparations
					1. The yasi(n).
					2. Bhairava and Bhadrakali*.
					3. The representation of Royalty.
				The First Day Start of the Bhairava/Bhadrakali Jatra [20]; The Struggle Between the Upper and Lower ...
				The Second Day
				The Third Day
				The Fourth Day
					Preliminaries
					The Raising Up of the Main Yasi(n) God—The Ending of the Old Year
				The Fifth Day: Taking Down the Yasi(n) God—Beginning of the Solar New Year
				The Sixth Day: The Mahakali/Mahalaksmi Jatra
				The Seventh Day: The Brahmani/Mahesvari* Jatra
				The Eighth Day. Feasting the Gods—Chuma(n) Gandya: Jatra
				The Ninth Day: Taking Down the Small Yasi(n) God—Final Phases of the Bhairava/Bhadrakali Jatra
			Approaches to Meaning
				1. Biska: as a solar festival.
				2. Biska: as a structural focal sequence.
				3. Interactive versus parallel features: bases for solidarity.
				4. Human actors.
				5. Divine actors.
				6. Space.
				7. Narrative content.
				8. Rhetoric.
				9. The message.
		Chapter Fifteen The Devi Cycle
			Introduction
			The Legend of the Nine Durgas
			An Introduction to Meaning
			The Nine Durgas—The Cast of Characters and Their Iconic Representation
			The Annual Cycle
				Sithi Nakha [36]
				Bhagasti [40]
				The Period Between Bhagasti [40] and Gatha Muga: Ca:Re [45], Human Sacrifice
				Gatha Muga: Ca:Re [45]
				Mohani, The Autumnal Festival Sequence of the Rice Harvest [67-76]
					Mohani: The First Day
					The Second Day through the Sixth Day
					The Seventh Day: Taking Down the Goddess Taleju
					The Eighth Day: Kalaratri
					Continuation of the Ninth Day: The Living Goddess Kumari and Emergence of the Nine Durgas
					The Tenth Day: The Taleju Jatra, and the Transfer of Power to the Nine Durgas
			Mohani: Approaches to Meaning
				1. Mohani and the rice agricultural cycle.
				2. Mohani as a structural focal sequence.
				3. Interactive versus parallel features.
				4. Human actors.
				5. Divine actors.
				6. Space.
				7. The narrative.
				8.Rhetoric and participation.
			The Performances of the Nine Durgas
			The Significance of the Nine Durgas'' Pyakha(n): Some Speculations on How The Nine Durgas Protect Bh...
		Chapter Sixteen The Patterns and Meanings of the Festival Year
			Introduction
			Distinctions and Enumerations and Their Implications
			A Note on Moving Deities Within the City
			Patterns in the Year
			External Influences on the Annual Cycle
			A View of the Annual Events With the Citizen at Their Center
		Chapter Seventeen What Is Bhaktapur that a Newar May Know It?1
			Structures of the Imagination
			Spheres, Structures, and Oppositions
			Resources for Making Meaning Intelligible
				1. Levels.
				2. Redundancy and filtering.
				3. Discrete categories.
				4. Membership in a domain.
				5. Boundaries.
				6. Systematic ordering.
			Bhaktapur's Order, Stability, And Stasis
			Why Is Bhaktapur the Way It Is?
	APPENDIXES
		Appendix One Transliterations Used in the Text
			Transliteration of Bhaktapur Newari
		Appendix Two Bhaktapur's Newar Hindu Thars Ranked By Macrosocial Status
			Part 1. Thars Listed By Status Levels
			Part 2. Newar Hindu Thars In Bhaktapur Listed Alphabetically
		Appendix Three Kinship Terminology
		Appendix Four Types of Worship and Materials Used in Worship
			Pujas Not Conducted By A Brahman Purohita
				Temple Visits
				Home Pujas
			Pujas Conducted By A Brahman Purohita
			Materials and Equipment
				Pure Water
				Pigments
				Rice
				Samhae
				Swaga(n)
		Appendix Five A Catalogue of Annual Events and Their Distribution Throughout the Lunar Year
		Appendix Six Rites of Passage and Death Ceremonies
			1. Writing a mantra on the tongue: Jihvasodhana.
			2. Application of lamp black to the child's eyes by the father's sister.
			3. Name giving: Namakarana.
			4. The rice feeding ceremony: Ja(n)ko.
			5. Boy's hair shaving: Busakha.
			6. Boy's full membership in their thar: Kaeta Puja.
			7. Mock-marriage: Ihi.
			8. Menarche ceremonies: Barha taegu and Barha cwa(n)gu.
			9. Marriage: Byaha.
			10. Tantric initiation: Dekha.
			11. Old-age ceremonies: Buraburi ja(n)ko.
			12. Dying and cremation.
			Dying.
			Preparation of the body.
			The funeral procession.
			The cremation.
			The return to the house.
			The activities of the mourning period.
			Death related activities following the dasa kriya mourning period.
	NOTES
		Chapter 1: Introduction
		Chapter 2: Orientations
		Chapter 3: Nepal, The Kathmandu Valley, And Some History
		Chapter 4: Bhaktapur's Other Order
		Chapter 5: The Distribution of Roles: The Macrostatus System
		Chapter 6: Inside The Thars
		Chapter 7: The Symbolic Organization of Space
		Charter 8: Bhaktapur's Pantheon
		Chapter 9: Tantrism and the Worship of the Dangerous Deities
		Chapter 10: Priests
		Chapter 11: Purity And Impurity: On The Borders Of The Sacred
		Chapter 12: The Civic Ballet: Annual Time and the Festival Cycles
		Chapter 13: The Events of the Lunar Year
		Chapter 14: The Events of the Solar Cycle
		Chapter 15: The Devi Cycle
		Chapter 16: The Patterns and Meanings of the Festival Year
		Chapter 17: What is Bhaktapur That A Newar May Know it?
		Appendix 2: Bhaktapur’s Newar Hindu Thars Ranked by Macrosocial Status
		Appendix 3: Kinship Terminology
		Appendix 4: Types of Worship and Materials Used in Worship
		Appendix 6: Rites of Passage and Death Ceremonies
	GLOSSARY
	REFERENCES
	GENERAL INDEX
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	NAMES INDEX
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