Mercenaries: The History of a Norm in International Relations

Contents......Page 10
Introduction......Page 12
I.1. Existing Literature on Mercenaries......Page 13
I.2. Outline of the Argument......Page 22
1.1. What Is a Norm?......Page 25
1.2. The Relationship between Norms and the Related Concepts of Law, Morality, and Interests......Page 29
1.3. The Influence of Norms on Politics......Page 34
1.4. Narrative Methodology......Page 43
1.5. The Challenges of Dealing with Norms......Page 53
1.6. Conclusion......Page 59
2. The Definition of a Mercenary and the Definition of the Proscriptive Norm......Page 60
2.1. Definitions and Revelations: What Makes Mercenaries Different?......Page 61
2.2. A Different Definition......Page 65
2.3. The Spectrum of Private Violence......Page 69
2.4. How the Definition Indicates the Proscriptive Norm......Page 75
3. The Origins of the Norm against Mercenary Use, 1100–1600......Page 79
3.1. Attachment to a Cause......Page 80
3.2. The Need to Control Mercenary Forces......Page 89
3.3. Conclusion: Revelations......Page 101
4. Competing Explanations for the Nineteenth-Century Shift Away from Mercenary Use......Page 105
4.1. Materialist or Realist Explanations of the Shift Away from Mercenary Use......Page 107
4.2. Avant: Domestic Politics, Path Dependency, and the Transition From a Mercenary to a Civilian Army......Page 116
4.3. Thomson: Ideas Can Explain the Shift Away from Mercenary Use......Page 122
4.4. A Common Problem:Why Did States Prefer Citizen Armies, and Why Were They Willing to Take a Leap of Faith to Adopt Them?......Page 130
5. How Citizens Became the Standard: A Normative Explanation of the Shift Away from Mercenary Use......Page 132
5.1. America......Page 134
5.2. France......Page 139
5.3. Prussia......Page 147
5.4. Britain......Page 159
5.5. Conclusion......Page 176
6. The Norm against Mercenary Use and International Law......Page 178
6.1. Strong Norms Do Not Lead to the Creation of Strong Law: How the Law’s Weaknesses Are Explained by the Anti-Mercenary Norm......Page 180
6.2. The Heightened African Interest in Law Demonstrates that the Norm Was Not Universal......Page 190
6.3. The Proscriptive Norm against Mercenary Use Is Most Challenged by Other Norms......Page 203
6.4. Conclusion: The Significance of the Norm against Mercenary Use in International Law......Page 214
7. New Model Mercenaries: PMCs, PSCs, and the Anti-Mercenary Norm......Page 217
7.1. The Anti-Mercenary Norm in the 1990s: PMCs......Page 218
7.2. Private Force and the Shift Away from Combat Operations......Page 236
7.3. The Anti-Mercenary Norm and its Influence on the Provision of Private Force Today......Page 243
7.4. The Future of the Anti-Mercenary Norm......Page 249
7.5. Conclusion......Page 253
Conclusion......Page 255
Appendix 1: Definition of a Mercenary from the International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries......Page 259
References......Page 260
F......Page 276
P......Page 277
Z......Page 278