MEMS and Microfluidics in Healthcare: Devices and Applications Perspectives

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
N/MEMS Biosensors: An Introduction
	1 Introduction
	2 Characteristics of a Biosensor
	3 N/MEMS Biosensor (BioMEMS)
		3.1 Mass Accumulation
		3.2 Materials
		3.3 N/MEMS Resonators for Ultra-Precise Bio/Chemical Sensing
		3.4 Multiple Analyte Detection Using N/MEMS
	4 Summary, Outlook, and Conclusion
	References
Lab-On-A-Chip Technology in Health Care
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Diagnostics
		1.2 Genomic Application
		1.3 Microarray
		1.4 Biochemical Applications
		1.5 Proteomics
		1.6 Biosensors
		1.7 Cell Research
		1.8 Organ-On-A-Chip
		1.9 Drug Design and Development
	2 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
A Review on Recent Trends in the Segregation of Red Blood Cells Using Microfluidic Devices
	1 Introduction
	2 Red Blood Cells and Their Functions
	3 Laboratory Techniques for the Segregation of RBCs
		3.1 Centrifugation
		3.2 Density Gradient Centrifugation (DSC)
		3.3 Agglutination
		3.4 Phase Partitioning
	4 Microfluidics and Applications
	5 Physics of Microfluidics
		5.1 Laminar Flow
		5.2 Diffusion
		5.3 Reynolds Number
		5.4 Surface Area to Volume Ratio
		5.5 Surface Tension
	6 Modeling of Microfluidic Devices for Medical Applications
	7 Microfluidic Cell Separation and Sorting Techniques
	8 Conclusion
	References
A Road Map to Paper-Based Microfluidics Towards Affordable Disease Detection
	1 Microfluidics
		1.1 Introduction to Microfluidics
		1.2 Applications of Microfluidics
		1.3 Capabilities of Microfluidics
	2 Paper-Based Microfluidics
		2.1 Introduction to Paper-Based Microfluidics
		2.2 Advantages of Microfluidics
		2.3 Capabilities
	3 Paper and Its Materials
	4 Applications
		4.1 Chronic Diseases
		4.2 Dengue
		4.3 Cancer
		4.4 Glucose
		4.5 Tuberculosis
	5 Integration of ΜF and PµF with AI and IoT
	6 Conclusion
	References
Critical Review and Exploration on Micro-pumps for Microfluidic Delivery
	1 Introduction
	2 Background Study
	3 Modeling IPMC Membrane and Nozzle/Diffusor Valve in COMSOL Multiphysics
		3.1 Governing Equations
		3.2 Boundary Conditions
		3.3 Nozzle/Diffuser
		3.4 Pump Designs for Fabrication
	4 Simulation Results
		4.1 IPMC Actuator
		4.2 Nozzle/Diffuser
	5 Conclusion
	References
Fabrication Techniques and Materials for Bio-MEMS
	1 Introduction
	2 Fabrication Technology
		2.1 Photolithography
		2.2 E-Beam Lithography (EBL)
		2.3 Lift-Off Process
		2.4 Etching Technology: Wet and Dry Etching Techniques
		2.5 Stereolithography
	3 Paper Micro- and Nanofluidics
	4 Thin Film Deposition Techniques
		4.1 Sputtering
		4.2 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)
	5 Materials for Bio-MEMS
		5.1 Inorganic Materials
		5.2 Organic Materials
	6 Future Scope
	7 Conclusion
	References
In-silico Analysis of Expandable Radiofrequency Electrode for Ablation of Hepatic Tumors
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Governing Equations
		2.2 Boundary Conditions and Analysis
		2.3 Validation
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Lab-On-Chip Electrochemical Biosensor for Rheumatoid Arthritis
	1 Introduction
	2 Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathophysiology
	3 Diagnostic Biomarkers
	4 Conventional Diagnostic Techniques for Rheumatoid Arthritis Biomarker Detection and the Challenges Associated
		4.1 Imaging
		4.2 ELISA-Based Detection
		4.3 Chemiluminescence and Fluorescence-Based Detection
		4.4 Radioimmunoassay-Based Detection (RIA)
		4.5 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Assay (SERS)
	5 Importance of Early Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis
	6 Biosensor as a Device for “Rapid and Early Diagnosis”
		6.1 Working of a Biosensor
		6.2 Types of Biosensors
	7 Electrochemical Biosensors
		7.1 Measurement Methods in Electrochemical Biosensors
	8 The Function of Nanostructures in a Sensor
		8.1 Biocompatibility of Nanoparticles
		8.2 Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Reactions
		8.3 Nanoparticles for Facilitating Better Electron Transfer
		8.4 Labeling of Biomolecules With Nanoparticles
		8.5 Nanoparticles as Direct Reactants
	9 Overview of Electrochemical Nanobiosensor for Rheumatoid Arthritis Detection
	10 Real Sample Detection
	11 Conclusion
	12 Futuristic Strategy for the Detection of Rheumatoid Arthritis
	References
Transdermal Injection with Microneedle Devices in Healthcare Sector: Materials, Challenging Fabrication Methodologies, and its Limitations
	1 Introduction
	2 Patient Monitoring: Limitations and Challenges of Therapeutic Monitoring in the Health Sector
	3 Evolution of Microneedle
	4 Microneedle Classification
	5 Existing Methods: For Microneedle Fabrication
	6 Benefits of Microneedle Technology in Various Health Sectors
	7 Microneedles: Challenges Involved in Their Development
	8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
An Economical and Efficient Method for the Fabrication of Spiral Micromixer
	1 Introduction
	2 Design and Computational Study
	3 Experimental Procedure
		3.1 Mold Fabrication Using Wire-EDM
		3.2 Spiral Micromixer Fabrication Through Soft Lithography Technique
		3.3 Flow Visualization in the Fabricated Spiral Micromixer
	4 Conclusion
	References
Damping Estimation and Analysis for High Performance Inertial MEMS for Early Detection of Neurological Disorders During Pregnancy
	1  Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
		2.1 Damping Ratio Estimation for High Performance MEMS Device
		2.2 Squeeze Film Damping
	3 Damping Analysis of the Proposed Structure
		3.1 Estimation of the Damping Ratio
		3.2 Time Domain Analysis of the Microstructure
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Affinity Biosensing: Modeling of Adsorption Kinetics and Fluctuation Dynamics
	1 Introduction
	2 Affinity Binding and Biosensing: Preamble
	3 Time Domain: Transients and Steady States
		3.1 Monocomponent Case
		3.2 Binary Analyte Mixture
		3.3 Ternary Analyte Mixture
		3.4 Mixture with Arbitrary Number of Analytes
	4 Multiple Steady States and Stability
	5 Frequency Domain: Equilibrium Fluctuations
		5.1 Monocomponent Case
		5.2 Binary Analyte Mixture
	6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References