Membranes for Membrane Reactors: Preparation, Optimization and Selection

Title
......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 19
Glossary......Page 23
2 Membranes for Membrane Reactors......Page 27
2.2 Inorganic Membranes......Page 28
2.2.1 Metal Membranes......Page 29
2.3 Membrane Housing......Page 30
2.4.2 Dense Metallic Membranes......Page 33
3.1 Applications of Membrane Reactors......Page 36
3.2 Advantages of the Membrane Reactors......Page 37
4 Hydrogen Production by Membrane Reactors......Page 40
4.3 Partial Oxidation of Methane......Page 42
4.5 Outlines on Reforming Reactions of Renewable Sources in Membrane Reactors......Page 43
5.1 Zeolite Membrane Reactors......Page 47
5.2 Fluidised Bed Membrane Reactor......Page 48
5.3 Perovskite Membrane Reactors......Page 50
5.4 Hollow Fibre Membrane Reactors......Page 53
5.5 Catalytic Membrane Reactors......Page 55
5.6 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors......Page 56
6.1 A Brief History of the MBR Technology Development......Page 57
6.2 Market Value and Drivers......Page 60
6.3.1 Membrane Geometry......Page 61
6.3.3 Membrane Materials and Material Properties......Page 62
6.3.4 Features of Commercial MBR Technologies......Page 63
6.4 Advantages of MBR over CAS......Page 64
6.5.1 Removal of Organic Matter and Suspended Solids......Page 66
6.6 Recalcitrant Industrial Wastewater Treatment by MBR......Page 67
6.6.1 Micropollutants......Page 68
6.6.2 Dye Wastewater......Page 69
6.6.5 Oil Contaminated Wastewater......Page 70
6.7 Recent Advances in Membrane Bioreactors Design/Operation......Page 71
6.8.1 Membrane Fouling......Page 72
6.9 Future Research......Page 73
7 Conclusion......Page 74
References......Page 75
1.1 Introduction......Page 89
1.2 Transport Mechanisms in Carbon Membranes......Page 90
1.3.1 General Preparation and Characterisation......Page 92
1.3.3 The Pyrolysis Process......Page 95
1.3.4 Pretreatment......Page 97
1.3.6 Polymer Precursors......Page 98
1.3.7 Adjustments of Pore Structures......Page 104
1.3.8 Modification of Porous Substrates......Page 106
1.3.9 Current Status......Page 107
1.3.10 Mixed-Matrix Carbon Membranes......Page 108
1.4 Membrane Modules......Page 111
1.5 Applications of Membranes in Membrane Reactor Processes......Page 113
1.6 Final Remarks and Conclusions......Page 115
References......Page 116
2.1 Introduction......Page 125
2.2.3 Wire Arc Spraying......Page 126
2.3.1 Preparation of Inorganic Membranes Using Thermal Spraying......Page 128
2.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 129
2.4.1 Metallographic Tests......Page 130
2.4.2 Performance......Page 135
2.5.1 Water Treatment......Page 136
2.6 Final Remarks and Conclusions......Page 138
References......Page 139
3.1 Introduction......Page 143
3.2 Preparation of Inorganic Hollow Fibre Membranes......Page 144
3.2.1 Preparation of the Suspension......Page 146
3.2.2 Preparation of the Membrane Precursors......Page 148
3.2.3 Calcination......Page 162
3.3 Coating of Pd/Ag Membranes......Page 166
3.4 Catalyst Impregnation......Page 171
3.5 Application in Chemical Reaction......Page 172
3.6 Final Remarks and Conclusions......Page 177
References......Page 178
4.1 Introduction......Page 181
4.2.1 Cold Rolling......Page 183
4.2.2 Diffusion Welding......Page 184
4.3 Applications......Page 187
4.4 Conclusions......Page 191
References......Page 192
5.1 Introduction......Page 195
5.2.1 Conventional Solid-State Reaction......Page 196
5.2.2 Coprecipitation......Page 197
5.2.3 Conventional Sol-Gel Method......Page 198
5.2.4 Polymeric Gelation Method......Page 199
5.2.6 Spray Pyrolysis......Page 201
5.3.1 Disk-Shaped Configuration......Page 202
5.3.2 Tubular-Shaped Configuration......Page 203
5.3.3 Hollow Fibre Membrane......Page 206
5.3.4 Asymmetric Thin Film......Page 208
5.4 Example Applications of MIEC Membranes for the Partial Oxidation of Methane......Page 217
5.4.1 Disk-Shaped Membrane Reactor......Page 218
5.4.2 Tubular-Shaped Membrane Reactor......Page 219
5.4.4 Asymmetric Membrane Reactor......Page 220
5.5 Final Remarks and Conclusions......Page 221
References......Page 223
6.1 Introduction......Page 227
6.2 Support......Page 230
6.3 Selection of Ceramics with High Oxygen Mobility......Page 231
6.4 Synthesis of Ceramics with RequiredTs and a High Oxygen Permeability......Page 238
6.5 Combination of Compatible Materials and Operations......Page 245
6.6 Design of Catalyst for Selective Reforming of Methane to Syngas......Page 247
6.7 Conclusion......Page 249
References......Page 250
7.1 Introduction......Page 253
7.2.2 Preparation of Redox Modified S-RAL Systems......Page 255
7.2.3 Membrane Reactor......Page 256
7.3.1 Physical Characteristics......Page 257
7.3.2 Gas Permeation Properties......Page 258
7.3.3 Hydrothermal Stability......Page 260
7.3.4 Reforming of Methane......Page 261
7.3.5 Stabilisation Effect by CeO2 Incorporation......Page 264
7.4 Conclusion......Page 266
References......Page 267
8.1 Introduction......Page 269
8.2.1 Support......Page 271
8.2.2 Zeolite Synthesis by Hydrothermal Synthesis......Page 273
8.2.3 Seeding......Page 274
8.2.4 Improvements and Achievements in Synthesis of Zeolite Membranes......Page 275
8.2.5 Types of Zeolites......Page 276
8.3 Detailed Preparation Method of a Zeolite Membrane......Page 277
8.4 Types of Zeolite Membrane Reactors......Page 279
8.4.1 Equilibrium Displacement......Page 280
8.4.2 Product Removal (In Non–Equilibrium Limited Reactors)......Page 285
8.4.3 Reactant Distribution......Page 286
8.4.5 Flow-Through Membrane Reactor......Page 287
8.4.7 Catalyst Retention......Page 288
8.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 289
References......Page 290
9.1 Introduction......Page 301
9.2.1 Metal Supported Membranes......Page 302
9.2.2 Laminated Membranes......Page 307
9.2.3 Non Pd-Based or Low Pd Content-Based Membranes......Page 309
9.3 Applications......Page 310
9.4 Conclusions......Page 311
References......Page 312
10.1 Introduction......Page 315
10.2.1 Evaporation......Page 317
10.2.2 Pulsed Laser Deposition......Page 322
10.2.3 Sputter Deposition......Page 323
10.3.1 Hydrogen Permeation Through Metallic Membranes......Page 332
10.3.3 Pd-Based Membranes Prepared by PVD Techniques......Page 334
10.3.4 Pd-Based Membranes Prepared by NonPVD Techniques......Page 336
10.4 Conclusions......Page 337
References......Page 338
11.1 Introduction......Page 341
11.2.1 Introduction......Page 342
11.2.3 Activation of the Support......Page 343
11.2.4 Palladium Deposition......Page 345
11.4 Pd-Alloy Preparation......Page 347
11.5 Membrane Performances and Integration in Membrane Reactors......Page 350
11.6 Conclusions......Page 356
References......Page 357
12.1 Introduction......Page 361
12.2 Fundamentals of Chemical Vapour Deposition......Page 362
12.3 CVD Apparatus......Page 363
12.4 Silica H-Membranes Produced by CVD......Page 364
12.5 Silica Membrane Structure and Transport Mechanism......Page 367
12.6 Hydrothermal Stability of Silica Membranes......Page 372
12.7.1 Dehydrogenation of Light Paraffins......Page 373
12.7.3 H2S Decomposition......Page 375
12.8 Conclusions......Page 376
References......Page 377
13.1 Introduction......Page 383
13.2 Molecular Layering: Principles, Synthesis Possibilities and Fields of Application......Page 384
13.3 Optimisation of MR Structure and Catalytic Properties by the ML Method......Page 390
References......Page 393
14.1 Introduction......Page 397
14.2.2 Platinum on Silica Membranes......Page 399
14.2.3 Palladium on Alumina Membranes......Page 401
14.3 Catalytic Exploitation......Page 402
References......Page 405
15.1.1 Electrophoretic Deposition: Basic Principles......Page 407
15.1.2 Electrophoretic Deposition as a Seeding Technique: Seeding Methods......Page 408
15.2.1 Methodologies Employed......Page 409
15.3.1 Instrumentation and Reactants......Page 410
15.3.2 Procedure......Page 411
15.3.3 Sample Treatment......Page 413
15.4.1 MFI Zeolite Membranes......Page 414
15.4.2 LTA Zeolite Membranes......Page 415
15.4.3 Outlook on Zeolite Membranes......Page 416
15.5 Conclusions......Page 417
References......Page 418
16.1.1 Principles of Electrochemical Deposition......Page 421
16.2.1 Methodologies for Electrochemical Deposition and Theoretical Models......Page 422
16.2.2 Supports and Deposited Metals: Membrane Reactors......Page 423
16.3.2 Procedure......Page 424
16.4.1 Electrodeposition of Platinum on Carbon Materials......Page 425
16.4.2 Influence of Metallic Deposits on Zeolite Membrane Preparation......Page 429
References......Page 431
17.1 Introduction......Page 435
17.2 Brief Review on Preparation Method......Page 436
17.3 Explanation of the Proposed Preparation Method......Page 437
17.4 Multilayer Preparation on Metal Substrates......Page 440
17.5 Final Remarks and Conclusion......Page 443
References......Page 444
18.1 Introduction......Page 445
18.2 Spray Pyrolysis Material Preparation Method......Page 446
18.3 Selected Membranes Prepared Via Spray Pyrolysis Coating Method......Page 449
18.3.2 Porous TiO2 Membrane......Page 450
18.3.3 Ionic and Electronic Conductive Membrane in SOFCs......Page 451
18.5 Remarks and Perspectives......Page 457
References......Page 458
19.1 Introduction......Page 461
19.2.1 Properties......Page 462
19.2.2 Preparation......Page 463
19.3 Preparation of Nanocrystalline and Quasicrystalline Metal Membranes by Planar Flow Casting......Page 464
19.4.1 General......Page 470
19.4.4 Ni-Ti-Nb-Based Alloy Membrane Materials......Page 471
19.4.5 Ti-Zr-Ni-Based Alloy Membrane Materials......Page 473
References......Page 476
20.1 Introduction......Page 485
20.2 Brief Review of Preparation Methods......Page 486
20.3.1 Sample Preparation......Page 488
20.3.2 Hydrogen Permeability Measurement......Page 489
20.3.3 Methanol Steam Reforming Experiment......Page 490
20.4.1 Hydrogen Permeation......Page 491
20.4.2 Local Atomic Configuration of the Alloys......Page 493
20.4.3 Long-Term Durability Tests......Page 494
20.5 Hydrogen Production by Methanol Steam Reforming Using Melt-Spun Ni-Nb-Ta-Zr-Co Amorphous Alloy Membrane......Page 495
20.6 Final Remarks and Conclusions......Page 497
References......Page 498
21.1 Introduction......Page 501
21.2 Brief Review......Page 502
21.3 Explanation of the Phase Inversion Process......Page 506
21.4 Some Applications......Page 510
References......Page 514
22.1 Introduction......Page 517
22.2 Porous Polymeric Membranes Classification......Page 518
22.3.1 General Considerations......Page 520
22.4 Polymeric Membrane Preparation Via Phase Separation......Page 521
22.4.2 NIPS Process......Page 523
22.5 Industrial Manufacturing of Porous Polymeric Membranes......Page 528
22.5.2 Hollow Fibre/Capillary Membranes......Page 529
22.6 Applications in Membrane Reactor Processes......Page 531
22.7 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 534
References......Page 535
23.1 Introduction......Page 537
23.2.1 Pore Formation by Film Stretching......Page 538
23.2.2 Pore Formation by Track Etching......Page 539
23.3 Electrospinning of Porous Polymer Membranes......Page 541
23.4 In Situ Polymerisation of Porous Membranes......Page 544
23.5 Surface and Pore Functionalised Membranes......Page 545
23.6 Overview on Technical Porous Polymeric Membranes......Page 549
23.7 Applications in Membrane Reactor Processes......Page 550
23.8 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 552
References......Page 554
24.1 Introduction......Page 557
24.2.1 Dense Catalytic Membranes......Page 558
24.2.2 Pd-Loaded Gas Separation Membranes......Page 559
24.2.3 Porous Catalytic Membranes......Page 561
24.3 Characterisation of Palladium Nanoparticles in Catalytic Membranes......Page 565
24.4 Kinetic Studies......Page 568
24.5 Conclusions......Page 571
References......Page 572
25.1 Introduction......Page 575
25.2.1 Membrane Treated by Dielectric Barrier Discharge......Page 576
25.3 Modes of Plasma Use......Page 577
25.4.1 Carbon Dioxide Plasma......Page 578
25.4.2 Case Study on CO2 Plasma Action......Page 579
25.4.4 Case Study on Nitrogen Plasma Action......Page 580
25.4.5 Ammonia Plasma......Page 581
25.4.7 Plasmas of Other Gases......Page 582
25.5 Plasma of Polymerisable Species......Page 584
25.5.3 Amine Plasma......Page 585
25.5.4 Case Study on Butylamine and Allyloamine Plasma Polymerisation......Page 586
25.5.5 Acid Plasma......Page 587
25.6 Plasma-Induced Grafting......Page 588
25.6.1 Case Study on Grafting of Acrylic Acid......Page 589
25.6.2 Plasma Modification of Polymer Membranes: Summary......Page 590
References......Page 591
26.1 Introduction......Page 595
26.2 Brief Review of the Preparation Method of Enzyme-Immobilised Polymer Membranes......Page 596
26.3.2 Immobilisation of Enzymes in Polymer Membranes by Covalent Binding......Page 597
26.3.3 Immobilisation of Enzymes in Polymer Membranes by Entrapment......Page 599
26.3.4 Immobilisation of Enzymes in Polyion Complex Membranes with Entrapment and the Formation of Ion Complexes......Page 600
26.3.5 Immobilisation of Enzymes in Ultrafiltration Membranes, Microfiltration Membranes, and Hollow Fibre Membranes......Page 601
26.3.6 Immobilisation of Enzymes in Polymer Membranes by Copolymerisation......Page 603
26.4.1 Polymer Membranes with Enzymes Immobilised by Adsorption......Page 604
26.4.2 Polymer Membranes with Enzymes Immobilised by Covalent Binding......Page 605
26.4.3 Polymer Membranes with Enzymes Immobilised by Entrapment......Page 606
26.4.4 Polymer Membrane with Enzymes Immobilised by Entrapment and Ion Complex......Page 608
26.4.5 Polymer Membranes with Immobilised Enzymes for Ultrafiltration Membranes, Microfiltration Membranes, and Hollow Fibre Membranes......Page 610
26.4.6 Polymer Membranes with Enzymes Immobilised by Copolymerisation......Page 612
26.5 Final Remarks and Conclusions......Page 613
References......Page 614
2 Membranes for Membrane Reactors......Page 617
2.1 Inorganic Membranes......Page 618
2.2 Organic Membranes......Page 622
References......Page 623
Index......Page 625
Colour Plates......Page 643