Membrane Process Design Using Residue Curve Maps

MEMBRANE PROCESS DESIGN USING RESIDUE CURVE MAPS......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 13
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 15
NOTATION......Page 17
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 21
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 25
2 PERMEATION MODELING......Page 31
2.1.1 Gas Separation......Page 32
2.1.2 Pervaporation......Page 35
2.2 MEMBRANE CLASSIFICATION......Page 37
3.1 A THOUGHT EXPERIMENT......Page 39
3.2 BINARY SEPARATIONS......Page 40
3.3 MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS......Page 44
3.3.1 Mass Balances......Page 45
3.3.2 Plotting a Residue Curve Map......Page 47
4.1 STATIONARY POINTS......Page 53
4.2 MEMBRANE VECTOR FIELD......Page 54
4.3 UNIDISTRIBUTION LINES......Page 55
4.4 THE EFFECT OF α-VALUESONTHETOPOLOGYOFM-RCMs......Page 56
4.5.1 Case 1: When the Permeate Side Is at Vacuum Conditions (i.e., πP ≈ 0)......Page 58
4.5.2 Case 2: When the Permeate Pressure Is Nonzero (i.e., πP>0)......Page 60
4.6 CONCLUSION......Page 62
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 65
5.2 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS CHAPTERS......Page 68
5.3.1 Operating Leaves in Batch Permeation......Page 69
5.3.2 Material Balances......Page 70
5.3.4 Operating Regions: Nonselective Membranes......Page 72
5.3.5 Operating Regions: Selective Membranes......Page 74
5.4 PERMEATION TIME......Page 76
5.5.1 Nonreflux Equipment......Page 78
5.5.2 Reflux Equipment......Page 82
5.6 CONCLUSION......Page 88
6 COLUMN PROFILES FOR MEMBRANE COLUMN SECTIONS......Page 89
6.1 INTRODUCTION TO MEMBRANE COLUMN DEVELOPMENT......Page 90
6.1.1 Relevant Works in Membrane Column Research......Page 91
6.2 GENERALIZED COLUMN SECTIONS......Page 92
6.2.1 The Difference Point Equation......Page 94
6.2.2 Infinite Reflux......Page 95
6.2.3 Finite Reflux......Page 98
6.2.4 CPM Pinch Loci......Page 100
6.3.1 Membrane Column Sections......Page 104
6.3.2 The Difference Point Equation for an MCS......Page 105
6.3.3 Permeation Modeling......Page 106
6.3.4 Properties of the DPE......Page 108
6.4.3 Membrane Residue Curve Map......Page 109
6.5.2 Mathematics......Page 111
6.5.3 Column Profile......Page 112
6.5.4 Analysis......Page 113
6.5.5 Pinch Point Loci......Page 117
6.5.6 Further Column Profiles......Page 118
6.5.8 Direction of Integration......Page 120
6.6.2 Mathematics......Page 121
6.6.3 Column Profile......Page 122
6.6.4 Pinch Point Loci......Page 123
6.6.5 Analysis of Column Profile......Page 124
6.6.7 Further Column Profiles......Page 126
6.6.8 Variations in XΔ and rΔ......Page 128
6.7 APPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSION......Page 129
7 NOVEL GRAPHICAL DESIGN METHODS FOR COMPLEX MEMBRANE CONFIGURATIONS......Page 131
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 132
7.2.1 Definition......Page 134
7.2.2 The Difference Point Equation......Page 135
7.2.4 Column Profiles......Page 137
7.3.2 Petlyuk Membrane Arrangement......Page 138
7.3.3 Material Balances......Page 140
7.4.2 Mathematics......Page 141
7.4.3 Column Profiles......Page 143
7.4.4 Requirements for Feasibility......Page 144
7.4.5 Analysis and Behavior of Column Profiles......Page 145
7.4.6 Feasible Coupled Columns......Page 148
7.5.2 Mathematics......Page 156
7.5.3 Column Profiles......Page 157
7.5.4 Feasibility......Page 158
7.7.1 Overview......Page 162
7.7.2 Material Balances......Page 164
7.7.3 Feasibility......Page 165
7.8 CONCLUSION......Page 174
8 SYNTHESIS AND DESIGN OF HYBRID DISTILLATION—MEMBRANE PROCESSES......Page 175
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 176
8.2 METHANOL/BUTENE/MTBE SYSTEM......Page 177
8.2.1 Design Requirements......Page 179
8.3 SYNTHESIS OF A HYBRID CONFIGURATION......Page 180
8.4.1 Column Sections of Hybrid Configuration......Page 183
8.4.2 Degrees of Freedom......Page 185
8.4.3 Generating Profiles for Hybrid Columns......Page 187
8.4.5 Attainable Region......Page 188
8.5 CONCLUSION......Page 191
9 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 193
9.1 CONCLUSIONS......Page 194
9.2 RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE WORK......Page 195
9.3.1 Processes for Which Membrane Separations Are Particularly Suitable......Page 196
9.3.2 Processes for Which Membrane Operations Are Unsuitable......Page 197
9.3.3 Pressure Difference as a Design Consideration......Page 198
9.3.4 Effect of Reflux in Membrane Columns......Page 199
9.4 CHALLENGES FOR MEMBRANE PROCESS ENGINEERING......Page 200
REFERENCES......Page 201
A.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS......Page 207
A.3 LAYOUT OF MemWorX......Page 208
A.5 STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO PLOT USING MemWorX......Page 210
A.6 TUTORIAL SOLUTIONS......Page 216
Appendix B: FLUX MODEL FOR PERVAP 1137 MEMBRANE......Page 225
Appendix C: PROOF OF EQUATION FOR DETERMINING PERMEATION TIME IN A BATCH PROCESS......Page 227
Appendix D: PROOF OF EQUATION FOR DETERMINING PERMEATION AREA IN A CONTINUOUS PROCESS......Page 231
E.1 PROOF USING ANALOGOUS METHOD TO DISTILLATION......Page 233
E.2 PROOF USING MASS TRANSFER......Page 237
INDEX......Page 241
COLOUR PLATES......Page 245