Membrane operations : innovative separations and transformations

Cover Page......Page 1
Tite: Membrane Operations - Innovative Separations and Transformations......Page 4
ISBN: 978-3527320387......Page 5
2 Polymeric Membranes for Molecular Separations......Page 6
4 Fundamentals of Membrane Gas Separation......Page 7
6 Fouling in Membrane Processes......Page 8
8 Membrane Gas-Separation: Applications......Page 9
9 CO2 Capture with Membrane Systems......Page 10
11 Developments in Membrane Science for Downstream Processing......Page 11
14 Mathematical Modeling of Biochemical Membrane Reactors......Page 12
15 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors in the Conversion or Degradation of Organic Compounds......Page 13
18 Biomedical Membrane Extracorporeal Devices......Page 14
20 Basics in Membrane Contactors......Page 15
23 Extractive Separations in Contactors with One and Two Immobilized L/L Interfaces: Applications and Perspectives......Page 16
Index......Page 17
List of Contributors......Page 18
Introduction......Page 24
Part One Molecular Separation......Page 27
1.1 Introduction......Page 29
1.2 Basics of Molecular Modeling of Polymer-Based Membrane Materials......Page 31
Hardand Software......Page 33
Simulation/Prediction of Transport Parameters and Model Validation......Page 34
Prediction of Diffusion Constants......Page 35
Permeability of Small Molecules and Free-Volume Distribution......Page 38
Examples of Polymers with High Permeability of Small Molecules......Page 39
Examples of Polymers with Ultrahigh Permeability of Small Molecules......Page 40
1.4 Summary......Page 42
Acknowledgments......Page 43
2.2 Membrane Classification......Page 45
Polymer Structure and Properties......Page 48
Polymers for Porous Barriers......Page 49
Polymers for Nonporous Barrier......Page 51
Track-Etching of Polymer Films......Page 52
Phase Separation of Polymer Solutions......Page 53
Composite Membrane Preparation......Page 56
2.5 Membrane Modification......Page 58
Ultrafiltration......Page 60
Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration......Page 62
Pervaporation......Page 63
Separations Using Ion-Exchange Membranes......Page 64
List of Abbreviations......Page 66
3.1 Introduction: Separation Needs for Organic Solvents......Page 71
3.2 Pervaporation and Nanofiltration Principles......Page 72
Solvent-Stable Polymeric Membrane Materials......Page 74
Ceramic Membrane Materials......Page 75
Structural Properties for Membranes in NF and PV......Page 78
Flux Models in NF......Page 79
Rejection in NF......Page 81
Models for PV: from Solution-Diffusion to Maxwell-Stefan......Page 82
Hybrid Simulations......Page 83
Acknowledgment......Page 84
4.1 Introduction......Page 89
4.2 Polymer Structure and Permeation Behavior......Page 90
4.3 Membranes from Glassy Polymers: Physical Aging......Page 95
4.4 Membranes from Rubbery Polymers: Enhanced CO2 Selectivity......Page 101
Acknowledgments......Page 105
5.1 Introduction......Page 109
5.2 The Structures and Functions of Ion-Exchange Membranes......Page 110
Preparation of Ion-Exchange Membranes......Page 111
Preparation of Homogeneous Ion-Exchange Membranes......Page 112
5.3 Transport of Ions in Membranes and Solutions......Page 114
Electric Current and Ohm's Law in Electrolyte Solutions......Page 115
Electrical Current and Fluxes of Ions......Page 117
The Transport Number and the Membrane Permselectivity......Page 118
Membrane Counterion Permselectivity......Page 119
Water Transport in Electrodialysis......Page 120
Electrodialysis......Page 121
Electrodialysis System and Process Design......Page 122
Electrodialysis Process Costs......Page 128
Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes......Page 133
Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membrane System and Process Design......Page 134
Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membrane Process Costs......Page 136
System Components and Process Design Aspects......Page 139
Roman Letters......Page 141
Greek Letters......Page 142
Superscripts......Page 143
Characteristics of Fouling......Page 147
Causes of Fouling......Page 149
Critical and Sustainable Flux......Page 151
Particulate Fouling......Page 152
Colloidal and Macrosolute Fouling......Page 153
Water Treatment and Membrane Pretreatment......Page 154
Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)......Page 155
Particulate and Colloidal Fouling......Page 156
Biofouling......Page 158
Scale Formation......Page 159
Cake-Enhanced Osmotic Pressure......Page 161
6.4 Conclusions......Page 162
7.1 Introduction......Page 165
7.2 Hydrodynamic Sieving (MF and UF) Separations......Page 167
7.3 Fractionation of Low Molecular Weight Mixtures (NF, D, RO, GS)......Page 168
7.4 Reverse Osmosis - The Prototype Large-Scale Success......Page 170
7.5 Energy-Efficiency Increases - A Look to the Future......Page 171
Success Stories Built on Existing Membrane Materials and Formation Technology......Page 172
High-Performance Olefin-Paraffin Separation Membranes......Page 175
Coal Gasification with CO2 Capture for Sequestration......Page 180
7.6 Key Hurdles to Overcome for Broadly Expanding the Membrane-Separation Platform......Page 184
7.7 Some Concluding Thoughts......Page 186
Acknowledgments......Page 187
8.2 Current Membrane Gas-Separation Technology......Page 193
Membrane Types and Module Configurations......Page 194
Hollow Fine Fiber Membranes and Modules......Page 195
Module Size......Page 196
Nitrogen from Air......Page 197
Air Drying......Page 199
Hydrogen Separation......Page 201
Natural-Gas Treatment......Page 204
Carbon-Dioxide Separation......Page 205
Nitrogen Separation from High-Nitrogen Gas......Page 208
Vapor/Gas Separations in Petrochemical Operations......Page 209
CO2/N2 Separations......Page 212
CO2/H2 Separations......Page 214
Water/Ethanol Separations......Page 215
8.5 Summary/Conclusion......Page 217
CO2 and Greenhouse-Gas Problem......Page 221
CO2 Capture Processes and Technologies......Page 222
Processes Including Oxygen-Separation Membranes......Page 225
Precombustion Decarbonization Processes Including Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide Membrane Separation......Page 228
Postcombustion Capture Processes with Membrane Separation......Page 231
Flux and Separation......Page 232
Membranes for Hydrogen Separation in Precombustion Decarbonization......Page 233
Microporous Membranes Flux and separation......Page 234
Stability Issues......Page 235
Dense Ceramic Membranes Flux and separation......Page 236
CO2 Separation Membranes......Page 237
Diffusion Limitation in Gas-Phase and Membrane Support......Page 238
Membrane Module Design and Catalyst Integration......Page 240
Acknowledgments......Page 242
10.2 Membrane Techniques in Water Treatment......Page 247
10.3 Reverse-Osmosis Desalination: Process and Costs......Page 252
Quality of Desalinated Water......Page 254
Environmental Aspects......Page 255
Energy Issues......Page 256
10.4 Treatment of Sewage and Polluted Water......Page 258
Reclaimed Wastewater Product Quality......Page 260
10.5 Fouling and Prevention......Page 261
How to Prevent......Page 262
Better Membranes......Page 263
New Membranes-Based Desalination Processes......Page 264
10.7 Summary......Page 266
Why Membranes for Downstream Processing?......Page 271
External Mass-Transport Limitations......Page 272
Membrane Fouling......Page 273
11.3 Concentration and Purification of Small Bioactive Molecules......Page 275
Electrodialysis......Page 276
Pervaporation......Page 277
Nanofiltration......Page 279
11.4 Concentration and Purification of Large Bioactive Molecules......Page 281
Ultrafiltration......Page 282
Membrane Chromatography......Page 286
11.5 Future Trends and Challenges......Page 287
12.1 Introduction......Page 291
12.2 Integrated Membrane Processes for Water Desalination......Page 292
12.3 Integrated Membrane Process for Wastewater Treatment......Page 297
12.4 Integrated Membrane System for Fruit-Juices Industry......Page 300
12.5 Integrated Membrane Processes in Chemical Production......Page 302
12.6 Conclusions......Page 307
Part Two Transformation......Page 311
13.1 Introduction......Page 313
13.2 Membranes......Page 315
Mass Balance......Page 320
Energy Balance......Page 322
13.5 Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Pd-Alloy Membrane Reactor......Page 327
13.6 Conclusions......Page 329
Greek Letters......Page 330
Acknowledgments......Page 331
14.1 Introduction......Page 335
14.2 Membrane Bioreactors with Membrane as Bioreactor......Page 336
Enzyme Membrane Reactor......Page 337
Moving-Bed Biofilm Membrane reactor......Page 338
Membrane Fouling......Page 339
Modeling of Enzyme Membrane Layer/Biofilm Reactor......Page 340
Concentration Distribution and Mass-Transfer Rates for Real Systems......Page 344
Prediction of the Convective Velocity through Membrane with Cake and Polarization Layers......Page 347
Without Cake and Polarization Layers......Page 349
With Cake and Polarization Layer......Page 350
Mass Transport in the Feed Side of the Hollow-Fiber Membrane Bioreactor......Page 351
Submerged or External MBR Process......Page 353
14.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 354
Appendix A......Page 355
Appendix B......Page 356
Appendix C......Page 358
15.1 Introduction......Page 361
Photocatalysts: Properties and New Semiconductor Materials Used for Photocatalytic Processes......Page 362
Modified Photocatalysts......Page 364
15.3 Photocatalytic Parameters......Page 366
Total Oxidations......Page 367
Selective Oxidations......Page 369
Functionalization......Page 370
Hydrogen Production......Page 371
15.5 Advantages and Limits of the Photocatalytic Technologies......Page 372
Membrane Photoreactor Configurations......Page 374
Sucked (Submerged) Membrane Photoreactors......Page 375
Membrane Contactor Photoreactors......Page 376
Parameters Influencing the Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors (PMRs) Performance......Page 378
Future Perspectives: Solar Energy......Page 379
Degradation of Pharmaceutical Compounds in a PMR......Page 380
Photocatalytic Production of Phenol from Benzene in a PMR......Page 383
15.8 Conclusions......Page 384
16.1 Introduction......Page 389
Background......Page 390
Membranes Applied to Wastewater Treatment......Page 391
Membrane Materials and Options......Page 394
Process Configurations......Page 397
Membrane-Bioreactor Basics......Page 398
Understanding Fouling......Page 400
Dealing with Fouling......Page 402
Cleaning Fouled Membranes......Page 404
Biological Operating Conditions......Page 405
Membrane Filtration Operation......Page 407
Optimizing MBR Operations......Page 409
Developments and Market Trends......Page 410
An Overview of Commercially Available Systems......Page 412
Tubular/Hollow-Fiber MBR Designs and Options......Page 414
Nomenclature, References......Page 417
17.1 Introduction......Page 423
17.2 Applications at Industrial Level......Page 424
Pharmaceutical Applications......Page 425
Food Applications......Page 428
Immobilization of Biocatalysts on Membranes......Page 431
17.3 Conclusion......Page 433
Historical Perspective......Page 437
Introduction......Page 439
Physical Principles of Hemodialysis......Page 440
Dialysis Requirements......Page 441
Characterization of Hemodialyzers Performance......Page 442
Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration......Page 443
Various Types of Hemodialyzers......Page 444
Various Types of Membranes......Page 445
Optimization of Hemodialyzer Performance......Page 446
The Baxter Autopheresis C System for Plasma Collection from Donors......Page 447
Therapeutic Applications of Plasma Separation......Page 448
Selective Plasma Purification by Cascade Filtration......Page 449
Physical Principles......Page 452
Diffusion+Adsorption Systems......Page 454
Future of Artificial Livers......Page 455
Conclusions......Page 456
19.1 Introduction......Page 459
19.2 Membranes for Human Liver Reconstruction......Page 460
19.3 Human Lymphocyte Membrane Bioreactor......Page 465
19.4 Membranes for Neuronal-Tissue Reconstruction......Page 466
19.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 469
Acknowledgments......Page 470
Part Three Membrane Contactors......Page 473
20.2 Definition of Membrane Contactors......Page 475
20.3 Mass Transport......Page 478
20.4 Applications......Page 481
20.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 486
21.1 Introduction......Page 489
21.2 Membrane Emulsification Basic Concepts......Page 491
21.3 Experimental Bases of Membrane Emulsification......Page 494
Post-Emulsification Steps for Microcapsules Production......Page 500
Membrane Emulsification Devices......Page 502
21.4 Theoretical Bases of Membrane Emulsification......Page 505
Torque and Force Balances......Page 506
Surface-Energy Minimization......Page 511
Microfluid Dynamics Approaches: The Shape of the Droplets......Page 512
Applications in the Food Industry......Page 514
Applications in the Pharmaceutical Industry......Page 515
Applications in the Electronics Industry......Page 516
Other Applications......Page 517
21.6 Conclusions......Page 519
22 Membrane Contactors in Industrial Applications......Page 525
22.1 Air Dehumidification: Results of Demonstration Tests with Refrigerated Storage Cells and with Refrigerated Trucks......Page 531
22.2 Refrigerated Storage Cells......Page 533
22.3 Refrigerated Trucks......Page 534
22.4 Capture of CO2 from Flue Gas......Page 536
23.1 Introduction......Page 539
23.2 Contactors with Immobilized L/L Interfaces......Page 542
23.3 Membrane-Based Solvent Extraction (MBSE) and Stripping (MBSS)......Page 543
Case Studies......Page 545
23.4 Pertraction through BLME......Page 551
Case Studies......Page 552
23.5 Pertraction through SLM......Page 553
23.7 Outlook......Page 555
Acknowledgement......Page 557
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