Medicinal Mushrooms: Their therapeutic properties and current medical usage with special emphasis on cancer treatments

Front page\r......Page 1
Index......Page 2
Bibliographies\r......Page 3
Acknowledgements\r......Page 6
Preamble\r......Page 7
Executive summary\r......Page 11
Synopsis......Page 20
Medicinal mushrooms......Page 23
References......Page 28
Introduction......Page 30
Table 2  Some poisonous mushroom species in Britain......Page 34
How mushrooms grow in nature......Page 35
Mushrooms and historical uses......Page 37
References......Page 42
3 Medicinally important mushrooms\r......Page 43
The effect of whole medical mushrooms and concentrated extracts (dietary supplements) as functional foods......Page 0
Cordyceps sinensis and C. sobolifera......Page 63
Schizophyllum commune......Page 65
Agaricus blazei......Page 67
References......Page 68
Introduction......Page 83
Table 1   World Production of Cultivated Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms in Different Years (Chang, 1999b)......Page 85
China......Page 87
Mushroom cultivation technology......Page 88
Strain selection and maintenance:......Page 89
Spawn production:......Page 90
Mushroom production – Log Culture:......Page 91
Mushroom production – enriched sawdust culture:......Page 92
Crop management for production:......Page 95
Mycelial production – liquid tank fermentation......Page 96
References......Page 97
Synopsis......Page 99
Polysaccharides......Page 100
Table 1  Antitumour active polysaccharides isolated from medicinal higher Basidiomycete mushrooms (from Wasser and Weis, 1999b).......Page 102
T......Page 106
Extraction, fractionation, purification and chemical modification......Page 108
(-D-glucans......Page 111
Active Hexose Correlated Compounds (AHCC)......Page 118
Dietary Fibre......Page 119
Terpenoids......Page 120
Medicinal mushrooms and the human immune response......Page 125
Immuno-modulating effects of Lentinus edodes mycelium (LEM) extract and Lentinan......Page 130
in vitro......Page 132
Immunomodulating effects of Ganoderma lucidum......Page 137
Immunomodulating effects of polysaccharides PSP and PSK from Trametes versicolor......Page 141
Schizophyllan from Schizophyllum commune......Page 146
Grifolan from Grifola frondosa......Page 147
Evidence for (-glucan receptor binding of immune cells......Page 150
References......Page 152
INTRODUCTION......Page 161
Lentinus edodes......Page 164
Schizophyllum commune......Page 169
Grifola frondosa extracts......Page 170
Phellinus linteus......Page 173
Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC)......Page 174
Ganoderma lucidum......Page 175
PSK and gastric cancer:......Page 179
PSK and other cancers......Page 181
PSP and clinical trials......Page 182
Pre-clinical......Page 185
Other Medicinal Mushrooms......Page 187
Clinical......Page 188
Cardiovascular and hypercholesterolemia effects......Page 197
Auricularia auricula-judae......Page 201
Agaricus bisporus......Page 202
Antimicrobial effects......Page 203
Cryptococcus neoformans......Page 206
Antioxidant , anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenging activities and the ageing process......Page 207
Hepatoprotective effects......Page 209
Efficacy......Page 210
References......Page 211
Synopsis......Page 218
Regulatory Environment for Dietary Supplements......Page 220
The European Situation......Page 221
The Japanese Situation......Page 225
The United States Situation......Page 226
Dietary supplements from medicinal mushrooms......Page 228
References......Page 234
10  Conclusions\r......Page 237
1 Overview of the human immune system\r......Page 252
2 Standard antitumour activity test in Sarcoma 180/mice\r......Page 268
Reference......Page 269
3 Medicinal mushrooms and cancer chemoprevention\r......Page 270
References......Page 272
Biographies\r......Page 274