Medical Modelling: The Application of Advanced Design and Development Techniques in Medicine

Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 12
1.1 Background......Page 14
1.2 The human form......Page 16
1.3 Basic anatomical terminology......Page 17
2.1 Introduction to medical imaging......Page 21
2.2 Computed Tomography (CT)......Page 22
2.3 Magnetic Resonance (MR)......Page 32
2.4 Non-contact surface scanning......Page 38
2.5 Recommended reading......Page 44
3.1 Medical scan data......Page 45
3.2 Point cloud data......Page 47
3.3 Media......Page 48
4.1 Pixel data operations......Page 50
4.2 Using CT data – a worked example......Page 55
4.3 Point cloud data operations......Page 58
4.5 Pseudo three-dimensional formats......Page 60
4.6 True three-dimensional formats......Page 63
5.1 Background to rapid prototyping......Page 72
5.2 Stereolithography (SL)......Page 85
5.3 Digital Light Processing (DLPTM)......Page 89
5.4 Fused Deposition Modelling (FDMTM)......Page 91
5.5 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS®)......Page 94
5.6 Three-dimensional printing......Page 100
5.7 Jetting head technology......Page 102
5.8 Laminated Object Manufacture (LOMTM)......Page 104
5.9 Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) machining......Page 107
6: Case studies......Page 110
6.1 Implementation case study 1: The development of a collaborative medical modelling service – organisational and technical considerations......Page 112
6.2 Implementation case study 2: Medical rapid prototyping technologies – state of the art and current limitations for application in oral and maxillofacial surgery......Page 123
6.3 Surgical applications case study 1: Planning osseointegrated implants using computer-aided design and rapid prototyping......Page 141
6.4 Surgical applications case study 2: The use of a reconstructed three-dimensional solid model from CT to aid the surgical management of a total knee arthroplasty......Page 149
6.5 Surgical applications case study 3: The custom-made titanium orbital fl oor prosthesis in reconstruction of orbital fl oor fractures......Page 154
6.6 Surgical applications case study 4: Rapid manufacture of custom fi tting surgical guides......Page 161
6.7 Surgical applications case study 5: The use of threedimensional technology in the multidisciplinary management of facial disproportion......Page 172
6.8 Rehabilitation applications case study 1: An investigation of three-dimensional scanning of human body surfaces and its use in the design and manufacture of prostheses......Page 178
6.9 Rehabilitation applications case study 2: Producing burns therapy conformers using non-contact scanning and rapid prototyping......Page 186
6.10 Rehabilitation applications case study 3: An appropriate approach to computer-aided design and manufacture of cranioplasty plates......Page 195
6.11 Rehabilitation applications case study 4: The appropriate application of computer-aided design and manufacture techniques in silicone facial prosthetics......Page 207
6.12 Rehabilitation applications case study 5: Evaluation of advanced technologies in the design and manufacture of an implant retained facial prosthesis......Page 218
6.13 Rehabilitation applications case study 6: The computeraided design and rapid prototyping fabrication of removable partial denture frameworks......Page 232
6.14 Rehabilitation applications case study 7: Rapid manufacture of removable partial denture frameworks......Page 246
6.15 Research applications case study 1: Bone structure models using stereolithography......Page 257
6.16 Research applications case study 2: Producing physical models from CT scans of ancient Egyptian mummies......Page 266
6.17 Research applications case study 3: Recreating skin texture relief using computer-aided design and rapid prototyping......Page 275
7.2 Scanning techniques......Page 289
7.5 Rapid prototyping......Page 291
7.6 Tissue engineering......Page 292
Glossary and explanatory notes......Page 293
Bibliography......Page 298
Index......Page 308
Color plates......Page 312