Medical Microbiology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
	To Our Future Colleagues: The Students
Acknowledgments
Dedication
Section 1: Introduction
	Chapter 1: Introduction to Medical Microbiology
		Historical Perspective
		Viruses
		Bacteria
		Fungi
		Parasites
		Immunology
		Diagnostic Microbiology
		Microbiology and Immunology in the Clinic
	Chapter 2: Human Microbiome in Health and Disease
		Core Microbiome
		Evolution of the Microbiome and Normal Flora
		Role of the Microbiome in Disease
		Diagnostics and Therapeutics
		Probiotics
		Perspective
		Bibliography
	Chapter 3: Sterilization, Disinfection, and Antisepsis
		Disinfection
		Antisepsis
		Mechanisms of Action
			Moist Heat
			Ethylene Oxide
			Aldehydes
			Oxidizing Agents
			Halogens
			Phenolic Compounds
			Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
			Alcohols
		Bibliography
Section 2: General Principles of Laboratory Diagnosis
	Chapter 4: Microscopy and In Vitro Culture
		Microscopy
			Microscopic Methods
				Brightfield (Light) Microscopy
				Darkfield Microscopy
				Phase-Contrast Microscopy
				Fluorescent Microscopy
				Electron Microscopy
			Examination Methods
				Direct Examination
				Differential Stains
				Acid-Fast Stains
				Fluorescent Stains
		In Vitro Culture
			Types of Culture Media
				Enriched Nonselective Media
				Selective Media and Differential Media
				Specialized Media
			Cell Culture
		Bibliography
	Chapter 5: Molecular Diagnosis
		Nucleic Acid Amplification Methods
			Polymerase Chain Reaction
				Transcription-Mediated Amplification
				Strand Displacement Amplification
				Loop-Mediated Amplification
		Nucleic Acid Analysis
			Nucleic Acid Sequencing
			Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
		Protein Analysis
			Western Blot
			Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization–Time of Flight
		Bibliography
	Chapter 6: Serologic Diagnosis
		Methods of Detection
			Precipitation and Immunodiffusion Techniques
		Immunoassays for Cell-Associated Antigen (Immunohistology)
		Immunoassays for Antibody and Soluble Antigen
		Serology
		Bibliography
Section 3: Basic Concepts in the Immune Response
	Chapter 7: Elements of Host Protective Responses
		Soluble Activators and Stimulators of Innate and Immune Functions
		Cells of the Immune Response
			Hematopoietic Cell Differentiation
			Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
			Mononuclear Phagocyte System
			Dendritic Cells
			Lymphocytes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 8: Innate Host Responses
		Soluble Components of Innate Responses
			Antimicrobial Peptides and Chelators
			Complement
		Alternate Pathway
			Lectin Pathway
				Classical Pathway
				Biological Activities of Complement Components
				Membrane Attack Complex
				Regulation of Complement Activation
			Interferons
		Cellular Components of Innate Responses
			Neutrophils
			Mast Cells, Basophils, and Eosinophils
			Cells of the Monocyte-Macrophage Lineage
			Myeloid and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
		Activation of Innate Cellular Responses
			Chemotaxis and Leukocyte Migration
			Phagocytic Responses
		Normal Flora–Associated Responses
		Inflammation
			Proinflammatory Cytokines
			Acute Inflammation
			Acute-Phase Response
			Sepsis and Cytokine Storms
		Bridge to Antigen-Specific Immune Responses
		Bibliography
	Chapter 9: Antigen-Specific Immune Responses
		T Cells
		Cell-Surface Receptors of T Cells
		Development of T Cells
		Initiation of T-Cell Responses
			Antigen Presentation to T Cells
			Peptide Presentation By Class I and Class II Major Histocompatability Complex Molecules
		Activation of CD4 T Cells and Their Response to Antigen
			CD4 T-Helper Cell Functions
		CD8 T Cells
		INNATE T Cells
		B Cells and Humoral Immunity
		B cells
		Immunoglobulin Types and Structures
			Immunoglobulin D
			Immunoglobulin M
			Immunoglobulin G
			Immunoglobulin A
			Immunoglobulin E
		Immunogenetics
		Antibody Response
			Time Course of the Antibody Response
		Bibliography
	Chapter 10: Immune Responses to Infectious Agents
		Initiation of the Response
			Phagocytic Responses
			Antigen-Specific Response to Bacterial Challenge
			Skin, Intestinal, and Mucosal Immunity
			Bacterial Immunopathogenesis
			Bacterial Evasion of Protective Responses
		Antiviral Responses
			Host Defenses Against Viral Infection
			Innate Defenses
			Interferon
			Antigen-Specific Immunity
			Humoral Immunity
			T-Cell Immunity
			Immune Response to Viral Challenge
				Primary Viral Challenge
				Secondary Viral Challenge
			Viral Mechanisms for Escaping the Host Protective Responses
			Viral Immunopathogenesis
		Specific Immune Responses to Fungi
		Specific Immune Responses to Parasites
			Evasion of Immune Mechanisms by Parasites
		Other Immune Responses
		Immunopathogenesis
			Hypersensitivity Responses
			Cytokine Storm
		Autoimmune Responses
		Immunodeficiency
			Immunosuppression
			Hereditary Complement Deficiencies and Microbial Infection
			Defects in Phagocyte Action
			Deficiencies in Antigen-Specific Immune Responses
		Bibliography
	Chapter 11: Antimicrobial Vaccines
		Passive Immunization
			Active Immunization
		Inactivated Vaccines
			Future Directions for Vaccination
		Immunization Programs
		Bibliography
Section 4: Bacteriology
	Chapter 12: Bacterial Classification, Structure, and Replication
		Bacterial Classification
			Macroscopic and Microscopic Distinction
			Metabolic, Antigenic, and Genetic Distinction
		Bacterial Structure
			Cytoplasmic Structures
			Cell Wall
			Gram-Positive Bacteria
			Gram-Negative Bacteria
			External Structures
			Bacteria With Alternative Cell Wall Structures
		Structure and Biosynthesis of the Major Components of the Bacterial Cell Wall
			Peptidoglycan (Mucopeptide, Murein)
			Peptidoglycan Synthesis
			Teichoic Acid
			Lipopolysaccharide
		Cell Division
		Spores
	Chapter 13: Bacterial Metabolism and Genetics
		Metabolic Requirements
			Metabolism, Energy, and Biosynthesis
				Glycolysis and Fermentation
				Aerobic Respiration
				Anaerobic Respiration
				Pentose Phosphate Pathway
		Human Bacterial Metabolism
		Bacterial Genes and Expression
			Transcription
			Translation
			Control of Gene Expression
			Replication of DNA
			Bacterial Growth
				Population Dynamics
		Bacterial Genetics
			Mutation, Repair, and Recombination
				Mutations and Their Consequences
				Repair Mechanisms of DNA
			Gene Exchange in Prokaryotic Cells
			Mechanisms of Genetic Transfer Between Cells
				Transformation
				Conjugation
				Transduction
			Recombination
				Genetic Engineering
		Bibliography
	Chapter 14: Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenesis
		Colonization, Adhesion, and Invasion
		Pathogenic Actions of Bacteria
			Tissue Destruction
			Toxins
			Exotoxins
			Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
		Immunopathogenesis
		Mechanisms for Escaping Host Defenses
		Summary
		Bibliography
	Chapter 15: Role of Bacteria in Disease
		Bibliography
	Chapter 16: Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases
		Blood
			Cerebrospinal Fluid
			Upper Respiratory Tract Specimens
			Lower Respiratory Tract Specimens
			Ear and Eye
			Wounds, Abscesses, and Tissues
			Urine
			Genital Specimens
			Fecal Specimens
		Bacterial Detection and Identification
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests
		Bibliography
	Chapter 17: Antibacterial Agents
		β-Lactam Antibiotics
		Penicillins
			Cephalosporins and Cephamycins
				Carbapenems and Monobactams
			Glycopeptides
			Lipopeptides
			Polypeptides
			Isoniazid, Ethionamide, Ethambutol, and Cycloserine
		Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
			Aminoglycosides
			Tetracyclines
			Glycylclines
			Oxazolidinones
			Chloramphenicol
			Macrolides
			Ketolides
			Clindamycin
			Streptogramins
		Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
			Quinolones
			Rifampin and Rifabutin
			Metronidazole
			Antimetabolites
		Other Antibiotics
		Bibliography
	Chapter 18: Staphylococcus and Related Gram-Positive Cocci
		Capsule and Slime Layer
			Peptidoglycan and Associated Enzymes
			Teichoic Acids and Lipoteichoic Acids
			Surface Adhesion Proteins
			Cytoplasmic Membrane
		Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Regulation of Virulence Genes
			Defenses Against Innate Immunity
			Staphylococcal Toxins
				Cytotoxins
				Exfoliative Toxins
				Enterotoxins
				Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1
			Staphylococcal Enzymes
		Epidemiology
		Clinical Diseases
			Staphylococcus Aureus
				Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
				Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
				Toxic Shock Syndrome
				Cutaneous Infections
				Bacteremia and Endocarditis
				Pneumonia and Empyema
				Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis
			Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
				Endocarditis
				Catheter and Shunt Infections
				Prosthetic Joint Infections
				Urinary Tract Infections
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Microscopy
			Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
			Culture
			Identification
			Antibody Detection
		Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 19: Streptococcus and Enterococcus
		Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
				Initial Host–Parasite Interactions
				Toxins and Enzymes
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Suppurative Streptococcal Disease
					Pharyngitis
					Pyoderma
					Erysipelas
					Cellulitis
					Necrotizing Fasciitis
					Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
					Other Suppurative Diseases
				Bacteremia
				Nonsuppurative Streptococcal Disease
					Rheumatic Fever
					Acute Glomerulonephritis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Antigen Detection
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Culture
				Identification
				Antibody Detection
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Streptococcus agalactiae
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Early-Onset Neonatal Disease
				Late-Onset Neonatal Disease
				Infections in Pregnant Women
				Infections in Men and Nonpregnant Women
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Antigen Detection
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Culture
				Identification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Other β-Hemolytic Streptococci
		Viridans Streptococci
		Streptococcus pneumoniae
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
				Colonization and Migration
				Tissue Destruction
				Phagocytic Survival
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Pneumonia
				Sinusitis and Otitis Media
				Meningitis
				Bacteremia
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Antigen Detection
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Culture
				Identification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Enterococcus
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 20: Bacillus
		Bacillus anthracis
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bacillus cereus
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 21: Listeria and Related Gram-Positive Bacteria
		Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Neonatal Disease
				Infections in Pregnant Women
				Disease in Healthy Adults
				Meningitis in Adults
				Primary Bacteremia
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Identification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Corynebacterium diphtheriae
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Respiratory Diphtheria
				Cutaneous Diphtheria
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Identification
				Toxigenicity Testing
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 22: Mycobacterium and Related Acid-Fast Bacteria
		Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Immunodiagnosis
				Microscopy
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Culture
				Identification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
				Treatment
				Chemoprophylaxis
				Immunoprophylaxis
				Control
		• Other Slow-Growing Mycobacteria
		• Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria
			Physiology And Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		• Other Weakly Acid-Fast Bacteria
		Bibliography
		Case Study and Questions
	Chapter 23: Neisseria and Related Genera
		Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Neisseria gonorrhoeae
				Neisseria meningitidis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Antigen Detection
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Culture
				Identification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Other Neisseria Species
			Eikenella Corrodens
			Kingella Kingae
		Bibliography
	Chapter 24: Haemophilus and Related Bacteria
		Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Meningitis
				Epiglottitis
				Cellulitis
				Arthritis
				Otitis, Sinusitis, and Lower Respiratory Tract Disease
				Conjunctivitis
				Chancroid
				Other Infections
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimen Collection and Transport
				Microscopy
				Antigen Detection
				Culture
				Identification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
				Aggregatibacter
				Pasteurella
		For a case study and questions see StudentConsult. com
		Bibliography
	Chapter 25: Enterobacteriaceae
		General Properties
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
				Endotoxin
				Capsule
				Antigenic Phase Variation
				Type III Secretion Systems
				Sequestration of Growth Factors
				Resistance to Serum Killing
				Antimicrobial Resistance
		Escherichia coli
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Gastroenteritis
				Enterotoxigenic E. coli
					. coli. Two groups of E. coli responsible for enteric disease (enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC] and some Shiga toxin–producing E....
					. coli. Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) are a heterogeneous collection of strains characterized by their autoagglutination in a...
					. coli. Nomenclature for this group of E. coli is confusing, referring to them as STEC, verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), ...
					. coli. EIEC strains are rare in both developed and developing countries. Pathogenic strains are primarily associated with a few...
				Extraintestinal Infections
					. Most gram-negative rods that produce UTIs originate in the colon, contaminate the urethra, ascend into the bladder, and may mi...
					. E. coli and group B streptococci cause the majority of CNS infections in infants younger than 1 month. Approximately 75% of th...
					. Typically, septicemia caused by gram-negative rods, such as E. coli, most commonly originates from infections in the urinary o...
		Salmonella
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Gastroenteritis
				Septicemia
				Enteric Fever
				Asymptomatic Colonization
		Shigella
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
		Yersinia
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
		Other Enterobacteriaceae
			Klebsiella
			Proteus
			Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Morganella, and Serratia
		Other General Properties
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Culture
				Biochemical Identification
				Serologic Classification
				Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 26: Vibrio and Related Bacteria
		Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Vibrio cholerae
				Vibrio parahaemolyticus
				Vibrio vulnificus
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Immunoassays
				Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests
				Culture
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Aeromonas
		Bibliography
	Chapter 27: Pseudomonas and Related Bacteria
		Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
				Adhesins
				Secreted Toxins and Enzymes
				Antibiotic Resistance
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Pulmonary Infections
				Primary Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
				Urinary Tract Infections
				Ear Infections
				Eye Infections
				Bacteremia and Endocarditis
				Other Infections
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Identification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Burkholderia
		Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
		Acinetobacter
		Moraxella
		Bibliography
	Chapter 28: Campylobacter and Helicobacter
		Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Antigen Detection
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Culture
				Identification
				Antibody Detection
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Helicobacter
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Antigen Detection
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Culture
				Identification
				Antibody Detection
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 29: Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Rods
		Bordetella
		Other Bordetella Species
		Brucella
			Clinical Diseases
		Cardiobacterium
		Francisella
		Legionella
		Streptobacillus
		Bibliography
	Chapter 30: Clostridium
		Clostridium difficile
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Clostridium perfringens
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Clostridium tetani
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Clostridium botulinum
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Other Clostridial Species
		Bibliography
	Chapter 31: Non–Spore-Forming Anaerobic Bacteria
		Anaerobic Gram-Positive Rods
			Actinomyces
			Lactobacillus
			Mobiluncus
			Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium)
			Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium
		Anaerobic Gram-Negative Cocci
		Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Respiratory Tract Infections
				Brain Abscess
				Intraabdominal Infections
				Gynecologic Infections
				Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
				Bacteremia
				Gastroenteritis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Bacterial Identification
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 32: Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira
		Treponema
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Antibody Detection
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Borrelia
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Lyme Disease
				Relapsing Fever
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Antibody Detection
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Leptospira
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Antibody Detection
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 33: Mycoplasma
		Pathogenesis and Immunity
		Answers
		Epidemiology
		Clinical Diseases
		Laboratory Diagnosis
		Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 34: Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Related Bacteria
		Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
				Culture
				Antibody Detection
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Anaplasmataceae
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Diseases
				Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis
				Human (Canine) Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis
				Human Anaplasmosis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Coxiellaceae
			Coxiella burnetii
				Physiology and Structure
				Pathogenesis and Immunity
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Diseases
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 35: Chlamydia
		Chlamydia Trachomatis
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Diseases
					Trachoma
					Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis
					Neonatal Conjunctivitis
					Infant Pneumonia
					Ocular Lymphogranuloma Venereum
					Urogenital Infections
					Lymphogranuloma Venereum
				Laboratory Diagnosis
					Antigen Detection
					Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
					Culture
					Antibody Detection
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Chlamydia Pneumoniae
			Chlamydia Psittaci
		Bibliography
Section 5: Virology
	Chapter 36: Viral Classification, Structure, and Replication
		Classification
		Virion Structure
			Capsid Viruses
			Enveloped Viruses
		Viral Replication
			Recognition of And Attachment to the Target Cell
			Penetration
			Uncoating
			Macromolecular Synthesis
			Dna Viruses
			Rna Viruses
			Viral Protein Synthesis
			Assembly
			Release
			Spread of the Infection
		Viral Genetics
		Viral Vectors for Therapy
		Bibliography
	Chapter 37: Mechanisms of Viral Pathogenesis
		Infection of the Target Tissue
		Viral Pathogenesis
			Cytopathogenesis
				Lytic Infections
				Nonlytic Infections
				Oncogenic Viruses
			Host Defenses Against Viral Infection
			Immunopathology
		Viral Disease
		Epidemiology
			Exposure
			Transmission of Viruses
			Maintenance of a Virus in the Population
			Age
			Immune Status
			Other Host Factors
			Geographic and Seasonal Considerations
			Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics
		Control of Viral Spread
		Bibliography
	Chapter 38: Role of Viruses in Disease
		Oral and Respiratory Tract Infections
		Flulike and Systemic Symptoms
			Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
			Exanthems, Hemorrhagic Fevers, and Arthritides
			Infections of the eye
			Infections of the Organs and Tissues
			Infections of the Central Nervous System
			Hematologic Diseases
			Sexually Transmitted Viral Diseases
			Viruses Spread by Transfusion and Transplantation
			Viruses Spread by Arthropods and Animals
			Syndromes of Possible Viral Etiology
		Chronic and Potentially Oncogenic Infections
		Infections in Immunocompromised Patients
		Congenital, Neonatal, and Perinatal Infections
		Bibliography
	Chapter 39: Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases
		Cytology
		Electron Microscopy
		Viral Isolation and Growth
			Cell Culture
			Viral Detection
		Detection of Viral Genetic Material
			Genome Amplification
			In Situ Analysis
		Detection of Viral Proteins
			Significance of Virus Detection
		Viral Serology
			Serologic Test Methods
			Limitations of Serologic Methods
		Bibliography
	Chapter 40: Antiviral Agents and Infection Control
		Virion Disruption
			Attachment
			Penetration and Uncoating
			Rna Synthesis
			Genome Replication
			Protein Synthesis
			Virion Assembly and Release
			Stimulators of Host Innate Immune Protective Responses
		Nucleoside Analogs
			Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Penciclovir, and Famciclovir
			Ganciclovir
			Cidofovir and Adefovir
			Azidothymidine
			Dideoxyinosine, Dideoxycytidine, Stavudine, and Lamivudine
			Ribavirin
			Other Nucleoside Analogs
		Nonnucleoside Polymerase Inhibitors
		Protease Inhibitors
		Antiinfluenza Drugs
		Immunomodulators
		Infection Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 41: Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses
		Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
				Warts
				Head and Neck Papillomas and Tumors
				Anogenital Warts
				Cervical Dysplasia and Neoplasia
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Polyomaviridae
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 42: Adenoviruses
		Pathogenesis and Immunity
		Epidemiology
		Clinical Syndromes
			Acute Febrile Pharyngitis and Pharyngoconjunctival Fever
			Acute Respiratory Disease
			Other Respiratory Tract Diseases
			Conjunctivitis and Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis
			Gastroenteritis and Diarrhea
			Other Manifestations
			Systemic Infection in Immunocompromised Patients
		Laboratory Diagnosis
		Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Therapeutic Adenoviruses
		Bibliography
	Chapter 43: Human Herpesviruses
		Structure of Herpesviruses
		Herpesvirus Replication
		Herpes Simplex Virus
			Herpes Simplex Virus Proteins
			Replication
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Direct Analysis of a Clinical Sample
				Virus Isolation
				Genome Detection
				Serology
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Varicella-Zoster Virus
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Epstein-Barr Virus
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
				Heterophile Antibody–Positive Infectious Mononucleosis
				Chronic Disease
				Epstein-Barr Virus–Induced Lymphoproliferative Diseases
				Hairy Oral Leukoplakia
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Cytomegalovirus
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology and Clinical Syndromes
				Congenital Infection
				Perinatal Infection
				Infection in Children and Adults
				Transmission via Transfusion and Transplantation
				Infection in the Immunocompromised Host
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Histology
				Antigen and Genome Detection
				Culture
				Serology
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Clinical Syndromes
		Other Human Herpesviruses
			Human Herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus)
		Bibliography
	Chapter 44: Poxviruses
		Pathogenesis and Immunity
		Epidemiology
		Clinical Syndromes
			Smallpox
			Vaccinia and Vaccine-Related Disease
			Orf, Cowpox, and Monkeypox
			Molluscum Contagiosum
			Hybrid Poxviruses for Gene Delivery and Vaccines
		Bibliography
	Chapter 45: Parvoviruses
		Pathogenesis and Immunity
		Epidemiology
		Clinical Syndromes
		Laboratory Diagnosis
		Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 46: Picornaviruses
		Structure
		Replication
		Enteroviruses
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
				Poliovirus Infections
				Coxsackievirus and Echovirus Infections
				Other Enterovirus Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Clinical Chemistry
				Culture
				Genome and Serology Studies
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Rhinoviruses
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 47: Coronaviruses and Noroviruses
		Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis and Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Noroviruses
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 48: Paramyxoviruses
		Structure and Replication
		Measles Virus
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Parainfluenza Viruses
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Mumps Virus
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Respiratory Syncytial Virus
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Human Metapneumovirus
		Nipah and Hendra Viruses
		Bibliography
	Chapter 49: Orthomyxoviruses
		Structure and Replication
		Pathogenesis and Immunity
		Epidemiology
		Clinical Syndromes
		Laboratory Diagnosis
		Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Thogotoviruses
		Bibliography
	Chapter 50: Rhabdoviruses, Filoviruses, and Bornaviruses
		Physiology, Structure, and Replication
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prophylaxis
		Filoviruses
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Borna Disease Virus
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Syndromes
			Epidemiology
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Bibliography
	Chapter 51: Reoviruses
		Replication
		Rotaviruses
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Orthoreoviruses (Mammalian Reoviruses)
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Coltiviruses and Orbiviruses
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 52: Togaviruses and Flaviviruses
		Structure and Replication of Alphaviruses
			structure and Replication of Flaviviruses
			Arbovirus Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Immune Response
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Rubella Virus
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Immune Response
			Congenital Infection
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 53: Bunyaviridae and Arenaviridae
		Structure
			Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Arenaviruses
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
				Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
				Lassa and Other Hemorrhagic Fevers
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 54: Retroviruses
		Classification
		Structure
		Replication
		Human Immunodeficiency Virus
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
				Geographic Distribution
				Transmission
				Populations at Highest Risk
			Clinical Syndromes
				Lymphadenopathy and Fever
				Opportunistic Infections
				Malignancies
				Dementia Related to AIDS
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Genomics
				Serology
				Immunologic Studies
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
				Education
				Blood, Blood Product, and Organ Screening
				Infection Control
				Approaches to Vaccine Prophylaxis
		Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus and Other Oncogenic Retroviruses
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Endogenous Retroviruses
		Bibliography
	Chapter 55: Hepatitis Viruses
		Hepatitis A Virus
			Structure
			Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Hepatitis B Virus
			Structure
			Replication
			Pathogenesis and Immunity
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
				Acute Infection
				Chronic Infection
				Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Hepatitis C and G Viruses
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Hepatitis G Virus
		Hepatitis D Virus
			Structure and Replication
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Hepatitis E Virus
		Bibliography
		WHO Alert, Hepatitis C factsheet. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/. Accessed September 21, 2018
	Chapter 56: Prion Diseases
		Pathogenesis
		Epidemiology
		Clinical Syndromes
		Laboratory Diagnosis
		Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
Section 6: Mycology
	Chapter 57: Fungal Classification, Structure, and Replication
		The Importance of Fungi
		Fungal Taxonomy, Structure, and Replication
		Ascomycota (Ascomycetes)
		Basidiomycota (Basidiomycetes)
		Glomerulomycota (Mucormycetes, formerly Zygomycetes)
		Microspora (Microsporidia)
		Classification of Human Mycoses
			Supericial Mycoses
			Cutaneous Mycoses
			Subcutaneous Mycoses
			Endemic Mycoses
			Opportunistic Mycoses
		Summary
		Bibliography
		Questions
	Chapter 58: Pathogenesis of Fungal Disease
		Blastomyces Dermatitidis
			Modulation of Yeast and Host Immune System Interactions
				Presentation of Surface Antigen Modulates the T-Helper Pathway of Immune Response
			Coccidioides Immitis
				Resistance of Conidia to Phagocytic Killing
				Stimulation of an Ineffective TH2 Immune Response by C. immitis
				Urease Production
				Extracellular Proteinases
				Molecular Mimicry
			Histoplasma Capsulatum
				Histoplasma capsulatum Resides in Host Macrophages
				Modulation of the pH of the Phagolysosome
				Iron and Calcium Uptake
				Alteration of Yeast Cell Wall Composition
			Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis
				Hormonal Influences on Infection
				Role of Cell Wall Glucans in the Pathogenesis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
				Responses to an Immunodominant Antigen, gp43
		Opportunistic Pathogens
			Candida Species
			Cryptococcus Neoformans
			Aspergillus Species
			Mycotoxins
		Bibliography
	Chapter 59: Role of Fungi in Disease
		Bibliography
	Chapter 60: Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Disease
		Conventional Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimen Collection and Processing
			Stains and Direct Microscopic Examination
			Culture
			Identifying Characteristics of Various Fungi
		Immunologic, Molecular, and Biochemical Markers for Direct Detection of Invasive Fungal Infections
		Bibliography
	Chapter 61: Antifungal Agents
		Azoles
		Echinocandins
			Antimetabolites
			Allylamines
			Griseofulvin
		Topical Antifungal Agents
		Investigational Antifungal Agents
		Combinations of Antifungal Agents in the Treatment of Mycoses
		Mechanisms of Resistance to Antifungal Agents
			Polyenes
			Azoles
			Echinocandins
			Flucytosine
			Allylamines
			Clinical Factors Contributing to Resistance
			Antifungal Susceptibility Testing
		Bibliography
	Chapter 62: Superficial and Cutaneous Mycoses
		Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor
			Morphology
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Tinea Nigra
				Morphology
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment
			White Piedra
				Morphology
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Black Piedra
				Morphology
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment
		Cutaneous Mycoses
			Dermatophytoses
				Morphology
				Ecology and Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Onychomycosis Caused by Nondermatophytic Fungi
		Bibliography
	Chapter 63: Subcutaneous Mycoses
		Lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis
			MORPHOLOGY
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CLINICAL SYNDROMES
			LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT
		Chromoblastomycosis
			MORPHOLOGY
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CLINICAL SYNDROMES
			LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT
		Eumycotic Mycetoma
			MORPHOLOGY
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CLINICAL SYNDROMES
			LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT
		Subcutaneous Entomophthoromycosis
			MORPHOLOGY
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CLINICAL SYNDROMES
			LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT
		Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis
			MORPHOLOGY
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CLINICAL SYNDROMES
			LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT
		Bibliography
	Chapter 64: Systemic Mycoses Caused by Dimorphic Fungi
		Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Coccidioidomycosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Emergomycosis and Adiaspiromycosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Histoplasmosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
				Histoplasmosis Capsulati
				Histoplasmosis duboisii
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Paracoccidioidomycosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Talaromycosis (Penicilliosis) marneffei
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Bibliography
	Chapter 65: Opportunistic Mycoses
		Candidiasis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Opportunistic Mycoses Caused by Cryptococcus Neoformans and Other Noncandidal Yeastlike Fungi
			Cryptococcosis
				Morphology
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Other Mycoses Caused By Yeastlike Fungi
		Microsporidia
			Physiology and Structure
			Pathogenesis
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Aspergillosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prevention
		Mucormycosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Mycoses Caused by Other Hyaline Molds
		Phaeohyphomycosis
		Pneumocystosis
		Bibliography
	Chapter 66: Fungal and Fungal-Like Infections of Unusual or Uncertain Etiology
		Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Chlorellosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Lacaziosis (Lobomycosis)
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Protothecosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Pythiosis Insidiosi
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Lagenidiosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndrome
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Rhinosporidiosis
			Morphology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndrome
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Bibliography
Section 7: Parasitology
	Chapter 67: Parasitic Classification, Structure, and Replication
		Importance of Parasites
		Classification and Structure
			Protists (Protozoa)
				Metamonada: Giardia, Enteromonas, Chilomastix, Retortamonas, Dientamoeba, Trichomonas, Pentatrichomonas
				Discicristata: Naegleria, Leishmania, Trypanosoma
				Amoebozoa: Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, Entamoeba, Endolimax, Iodamoeba
				Apicomplexa: Babesia, Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Cystoisospora, Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma
				Ciliophora: Neobalantidium (Formerly Balantidium) coli
				Stramenopila (Formerly Chromista): Blastocystis
			Animalia (Metazoa)
				Helminths
					.The Nematoda clade consists of the roundworms, which have cylindric bodies. The sexes of roundworms are separate, and these org...
					.The Platyhelminthes clade consists of the flatworms, which have flattened bodies that are leaflike or resemble ribbon segments....
				Arthropoda
					.The Myriapoda consist of two classes of medical importance: Chilopoda (centipedes) and Diplopoda (millipedes). Some centipedes ...
					.The crustaceans include familiar aquatic forms, such as crabs, crayfish, shrimp, copepods, and pentastomids. Several are involv...
					.Within the Chelicerata only the class Arachnida contains medically important species, such as mites, ticks, spiders, and scorpi...
					.The Hexapoda of medical importance are contained in the class Insecta and consist of familiar aquatic and terrestrial forms, su...
		Physiology and Replication
			Protozoa
			Animalia (Metazoa)
				Helminths
				Arthropods
		Summary
		Bibliography
	Chapter 68: Pathogenesis of Parasitic Diseases
		Adherence and Replication
		Cell and Tissue Damage
		Disruption, Evasion, and Inactivation of Host Defenses
		Bibliography
	Chapter 69: Role of Parasites in Disease
		Bibliography
	Chapter 70: Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Disease
		General Diagnostic Considerations
		Parasitic Infections of the Intestinal and Urogenital Tracts
			Fecal Specimen Collection
			Techniques of Stool Examination
				Macroscopic Examination
				Direct Wet Mount
				Concentration
				Permanently Stained Slides
			Collection and Examination of Specimens Other Than Stool
				Perianal Specimens
				Sigmoidoscopic Material
				Duodenal Aspirates
				Liver Abscess Aspirate
				Sputum
				Urine
				Urogenital Specimens
		Parasitic Infections of Blood and Tissue
			Blood Films
			Specimens Other Than Blood
		Alternatives to Microscopy
			Immunodiagnostics
			Molecular Diagnostic Approaches
			Culture
			Animal Inoculation
			Xenodiagnosis
		Bibliography
	Chapter 71: Antiparasitic Agents
		Drug Resistance
		Antiparasitic Agents
			Antiprotozoal Agents
				Heavy Metals
				Quinoline Derivatives
				Folic Acid Antagonists
				Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
				Diamidines
				Nitroimidazoles
				Sesquiterpenes
				Atovaquone-Proguanil (Malarone)
				Miltefosine
				Nitazoxanide
				Other Antiprotozoal Agents
			Anthelmintic Agents
				Benzimidazoles
				Tetrahydropyrimidines
				Piperazines
				Avermectins
				Pyrazinoisoquinolines
				Phenols
				Other Anthelmintic Agents
		Bibliography
	Chapter 72: Intestinal and Urogenital Protozoa
		Entamoeba Histolytica
			Physiology and Structure
				Pathogenesis
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Other Intestinal Amebae
		Ciliates (Metamonada [Formerly Flagellates] and Ciliophora)
			Giardia Duodenalis (G. Lamblia; G. Intestinalis)
				Physiology and Structure
				Pathogenesis
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Dientamoeba Fragilis
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Trichomonas Vaginalis
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Neobalantidium Coli
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Sporozoa (Apicomplexa)
			Cystoisospora (Formerly Isospora) Belli
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Sarcocystis Species
			Cryptosporidium Species
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Cyclospora Species
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 73: Blood and Tissue Protozoa
		Plasmodium Species
			Plasmodium Falciparum
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Plasmodium Knowlesi
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Plasmodium Vivax
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Plasmodium Ovale
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Plasmodium Malariae
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Babesia Species
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Toxoplasma gondii
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Sarcocystis lindemanni
		Free-Living Amebae
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Leishmania
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Trypanosomes
			Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Trypanosoma Cruzi
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, And Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 74: Nematodes
		Enterobius vermicularis
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Ascaris lumbricoides
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Toxocara and Baylisascaris
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Hookworms
			Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Ancylostoma Braziliense
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Strongyloides stercoralis
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Trichinella spiralis
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Loa loa
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Mansonella Species
			Mansonella Perstans
			Mansonella Ozzardi
			Mansonella Streptocerca
		Onchocerca volvulus
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Dirofilaria immitis
		Dracunculus medinensis
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
	Chapter 75: Trematodes
		Fasciolopsis buski
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Fasciola hepatica
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Clonorchis sinensis
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Paragonimus westermani
			Physiology and Structure
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Schistosomes
			Schistosoma Mansoni
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Schistosoma Japonicum
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Schistosoma Haematobium
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			Cercarial Dermatitis
		Bibliography
	Chapter 76: Cestodes
		Taenia solium
			PHYSIOLOGY AND STRUCTURE
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CLINICAL SYNDROMES
			LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL
		Cysticercosis
			PHYSIOLOGY AND STRUCTURE
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CLINICAL SYNDROMES
			LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL
		Taenia saginata
			PHYSIOLOGY AND STRUCTURE
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CLINICAL SYNDROMES
			LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL
		Diphyllobothrium latum
			PHYSIOLOGY AND STRUCTURE
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CLINICAL SYNDROMES
			LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL
		Sparganosis
			PHYSIOLOGY AND STRUCTURE
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CLINICAL SYNDROMES
			LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL
		Echinococcus granulosus
			PHYSIOLOGY AND STRUCTURE
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CLINICAL SYNDROMES
			LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL
		Echinococcus multilocularis
			PHYSIOLOGY AND STRUCTURE
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CLINICAL SYNDROMES
			LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL
		Hymenolepis nana
			PHYSIOLOGY AND STRUCTURE
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CLINICAL SYNDROMES
			LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL
		Hymenolepis diminuta
			PHYSIOLOGY AND STRUCTURE
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CLINICAL SYNDROMES
			LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL
		Dipylidium caninum
			PHYSIOLOGY AND STRUCTURE
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CLINICAL SYNDROMES
			LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL
		Bibliography
	Chapter 77: Arthropods
		Myriapoda
			CENTIPEDES (CHILOPODA)
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Crustacea
			COPEPODS
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			DECAPODS
		Pentastomida
			TONGUE WORMS
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Chelicerata (Arachnida)
			SPIDERS
				Black Widow Spiders
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
				Brown Recluse Spiders
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Diagnosis
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			SCORPIONS
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			MITES
				Itch Mites
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Diagnosis
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
				Human Follicle Mites
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Chigger Mites
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			TICKS
				Clinical Syndromes
				Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Hexapoda (Insecta)
			BLOODSUCKING DIPTERA
				Mosquitoes
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
				Gnats and Biting Midges
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
				Sandflies
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
				Blackflies
					Physiology and Structure
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Syndromes
					Diagnosis
					Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			HORSEFLIES AND DEERFLIES
			MUSCOID FLIES
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Prevention and Control
			MYIASIS-CAUSING FLIES
			SUCKING LICE
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			FLEAS
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			BUGS
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Diagnosis
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
			STINGING INSECTS
				Physiology and Structure
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Syndromes
				Treatment, Prevention, and Control
		Bibliography
Answers
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z