Medical Imaging: Techniques, Reflection and Evaluation

Front cover
 Half title page
 Dedication
 Medical Imaging: Techniques, Reflection and Evaluation
 Copyright page
 Table of Contents
 Foreword
 Preface to first edition
 Preface
 Acknowledgements
 List of contributors
 Abbreviations
 1 Imaging principles
 1 Digital imaging
 Introduction
 Advantages of digital images
 Computed radiography
 Components of a CR system
 The CR imaging plate
 The CR cassette
 The image reader
 CR image formation
 Advantages of CR vs film/screen radiography
 Disadvantages of CR vs film/screen radiography
 DIRECT Digital radiography
 Amorphous silicon (aSi) FPD. Amorphous selenium (aSe) FPDDevelopments in FPD
 Digital image display
 Cathode ray tube (CRT)
 LCD panels
 Image resolution
 Image storage
 Digital image manipulation
 Digital image processing
 Histogram analysis
 Exposure control
 The characteristic curve and inherent response of CR and DDR systems
 Digital system response and LUT
 Multifrequency processing
 Quality assurance
 Quality control for CR
 Acceptance testing and annual tests
 Routine QC tests [performed every 3 months]
 Quality control for DDR
 Implementing a digital imaging system
 Common errors
 Conclusions
 References. 2 Film/screen imagingIntroduction
 Imaging plates
 Intensifying screens and film emulsion technology
 The X-ray cassette
 Radiographic film
 Film manufacture
 Film construction (Fig. 2.1)
 Base
 Photographic emulsion
 Effect of exposure on silver halides
 The latent image
 Types of film
 Intensifying screens
 Screen construction (Fig. 2.3)
 Base
 Substratum
 Phosphor layer
 Luminescence
 Fluorescence (Fig. 2.4)
 Phosphorescence
 Types of phosphor
 Quantum detection efficiency (QDE or absorption efficiency)
 Conversion efficiency
 Spectral sensitivity and spectral emission. Factors affecting screen performanceCrossover (Fig. 2.7)
 Other factors
 Comparison of film/screen systems
 Asymmetric screen/film systems
 References
 3 Exposure factors, manipulation and dose
 Image quality
 Density
 Contrast
 Unsharpness
 Exposure factor selection
 Exposure indicators
 System sensitivity: S number
 Exposure index (EI)
 lgM
 Dosimetry
 References
 2 Skeletal radiography
 4 Introduction to skeletal, chest and abdominal radiography
 Projection names
 Patient preparation
 Image recording (CR cassettes and digital plates). Change in terminology for focus film and object film distancesAnatomical markers
 Image identification
 Exposure factors --
evaluation of images
 Dose reduction methods
 Specific notes for Section 2: Skeletal radiography
 Commonly encountered pathologies that affect the skeleton and its articulations
 Acromegaly
 Ankylosing spondylitis
 Bone age
 Chondrosarcoma
 Enchondroma
 Gout
 Metastases
 Myeloma
 Osteoarthritis
 Osteochondritis
 Osteomalacia
 Osteomyelitis
 Osteoporosis
 Osteosarcoma
 Paget\'s disease
 Perthes\' disease
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Trauma
 Avulsion fractures.