Medical Imaging Methods: Recent Trends

Preface
Contents
About the Editor
1: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging-Solo and€Orchestra
	1.1	 Methodology of€EPR
		1.1.1	 Introduction to€the€EPR Technique
		1.1.2	 When EPR Meets Biology
		1.1.3	 EPR Imaging
		1.1.4	 EPRI versus MRI
		1.1.5	 Problems and€Limitations
	1.2	 EPRI Modalities
		1.2.1	 Continuous Wave EPRI
		1.2.2	 Rapid Scan EPRI
		1.2.3	 Pulse EPRI
		1.2.4	 Other Approaches
			1.2.4.1	 Overmodulation and€Multiharmonic Analysis
			1.2.4.2	 Rotating Gradients
		1.2.5	 Software
			1.2.5.1	 Image Reconstruction
			1.2.5.2	 Spatial-Spatial Images
			1.2.5.3	 Spatial-Spectral Imaging
			1.2.5.4	 Deconvolution
			1.2.5.5	 Post-Processing Software
	1.3	 What Can Be€Seen with€EPRI?
		1.3.1	 First Attempts: Establishing the€Methodology
		1.3.2	 Going Faster and€Seeing More
			1.3.2.1	 Oximetry and€Oxygen-Guided Radiotherapy of€Murine Tumors
			1.3.2.2	 Tumor Microenvironment
			1.3.2.3	 Tumor Metabolic State
			1.3.2.4	 Tissue Redox State
			1.3.2.5	 Melanin
			1.3.2.6	 Other Biological Applications of€EPRI
		1.3.3	 OMRI
		1.3.4	 Spin Probe Development
	1.4	 Final Conclusions
	References
2: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Analysis in€Brain Tumors
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Important Brain Metabolites Detected by MRS
	2.3	 Applications of€MRS Metabolite Analysis in€Brain Tumors
	2.4	 Combining MRS and€MRI-Based Diagnosis of€Brain Tumors
	2.5	 Gliomas and€MRS
	2.6	 Single-Voxel and€Multi-voxel MRS
	2.7	 Conclusion
	References
3: Diagnostic Imaging Techniques in€Oral Diseases
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Diagnostic Imaging Techniques
	3.3	 Conventional Film Imaging
		3.3.1	 Intraoral Radiographic Technique
			3.3.1.1	 Periapical Radiography
			3.3.1.2	 Bitewing Radiography [12, 13]
			3.3.1.3	 Occlusal Radiography
			3.3.1.4	 Types of€Occlusal Projections
		3.3.2	 Extraoral Radiographic Technique
			3.3.2.1	 Panoramic Radiography
			3.3.2.2	 Cephalometric Radiography
			3.3.2.3	 Posteroanterior Skull Projection (PA Skull Projection)
			3.3.2.4	 Occipito-mental View or Water’s View
			3.3.2.5	 Submento Vertex View or Jug Handle View
		3.3.3	 Subtraction Radiography
	3.4	 Digital Imaging
		3.4.1	 Charge Couple Device
		3.4.2	 Advanced Diagnostic Imaging
			3.4.2.1	 Computed Tomography (CT)
			3.4.2.2	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
			3.4.2.3	 Ultrasonography
			3.4.2.4	 Nuclear Medicine Imaging
			3.4.2.5	 Nuclear Imaging Methods [72]
			3.4.2.6	 Patient Preparation and€Safety
		3.4.3	 Photoacoustic Imaging
	3.5	 Oral Imaging for€Dental Conditions
		3.5.1	 Dental caries
			3.5.1.1	 Radiographic Techniques for Caries Detection
		3.5.2	 Periodontal Diseases
		3.5.3	 Cysts
		3.5.4	 Salivary Gland Diseases
		3.5.5	 Systemic Diseases of€the€Jaws
		3.5.6	 Missing Teeth, Edentulous Arches, and€Maxillofacial Implants
		3.5.7	 Maxillofacial Trauma
			3.5.7.1	 Fractures of teeth
	References
4: Automatic Kidney Cysts Segmentation in€Digital Ultrasound Images
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Related Work
	4.3	 Methodology
		4.3.1	 Preprocessing and€Speckle Noise Removal
		4.3.2	 Proposed Initial Contour Detection Algorithm
		4.3.3	 Segmentation of€Cysts Using Active Contour Model (ACM)
		4.3.4	 Segmentation of€Cysts Using Level Set Method
		4.3.5	 Analysis of€Segmented Images
		4.3.6	 Performance Evaluation Parameters
	4.4	 Results and€Discussions
		4.4.1	 Experimental Setup
		4.4.2	 Preprocessing and€Speckle Noise Removal
		4.4.3	 Initial Contour Detection
		4.4.4	 Segmentation of€Cyst in€Single-Cystic Kidney USG Images
		4.4.5	 Segmentation of€Multiple Cysts in€Kidney USG Images
		4.4.6	 Performance of€Segmentation Methods
	4.5	 Conclusion
	References
5: Noninvasive Imaging Techniques of€Metal Nanoparticles and€Their Future Diagnostic Applications
	5.1	 Background of€Bio-imaging
		5.1.1	 Types of€Bio-imaging
	5.2	 Nanotechnology and€Its Role in€Bio-imaging
		5.2.1	 Metal-Based Nanoparticles for€Bio-imaging
			5.2.1.1	 Fluorescence-Based Imaging
			5.2.1.2	 Photoacoustic Imaging
			5.2.1.3	 Raman Based Imaging
			5.2.1.4	 MRI-Assisted Imaging
			5.2.1.5	 CT Imaging
			5.2.1.6	 Multiphoton Microscopy Imaging
			5.2.1.7	 Super Resolution Methods in€Optical Microscopy
			5.2.1.8	 Luminescence Upconversion Imaging
		5.2.2	 Image Guided Disease Therapy Using Nanoparticles
		5.2.3	 Biosynthesized Nanoparticles for€Bio-imaging
	5.3	 Clinical Status of€Nanoparticles-Based Bio-imaging
	5.4	 Challenges and€Future Perspectives
	5.5	 Conclusion
	References