Mechanisms of Morphogenesis

Front cover......Page 1
Title page......Page 4
Copyright page......Page 5
Table of contents......Page 8
A Note on References......Page 10
Section 1 Introductory Section......Page 12
CHAPTER 1.1 INTRODUCTION: The Aims and Structure of This Book......Page 14
Reference List......Page 17
CHAPTER 1.2 KEY CONCEPTS IN MORPHOGENESIS......Page 18
THE IDEA OF “MECHANISM”......Page 19
EMERGENCE......Page 20
EMERGENCE, TRAP-DOOR PROCESSES, AND THE DANGERS OF POST-HOC REASONING......Page 22
FEEDBACK, SELF-ASSEMBLY, AND ADAPTIVE SELF-ORGANIZATION......Page 24
Reference List......Page 26
INTRODUCTION TO SELF-ASSEMBLY......Page 28
SELF-ASSEMBLY OF BILAYERED MEMBRANES......Page 29
ONE-DIMENSIONAL SELF-ASSEMBLY: Actin......Page 35
ONE-DIMENSIONAL SELF-ASSEMBLY: Collagen......Page 36
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SELF-ASSEMBLY: Simple Viruses......Page 37
QUALITY CONTROL IN SELF-ASSEMBLING STRUCTURES......Page 39
Reference List......Page 40
Section 2 Cell Shape and the Cell Morphogenesis......Page 42
FLATTENING AND ELONGATION OF CELLS......Page 44
PRODUCTION OF CELL PROCESSES......Page 45
CELL CAVITATION......Page 47
CHANGES IN CELL SHAPE CAN DIRECTLY DRIVE MORPHOGENESIS OF TISSUES......Page 48
Reference List......Page 50
CHAPTER 2.2 THE SHAPES OF ANIMAL CELLS: Tensegrity......Page 52
BUILDING AND PLACEMENT OF TENSILE MICROFILAMENTS......Page 55
ADAPTIVE SELF-ORGANIZATION OF THE MICROFILAMENT TENSION SYSTEM......Page 59
ASSEMBLY OF THE MICROTUBULE SYSTEM......Page 62
Reference List......Page 66
MICROFILAMENT-BASED STRUCTURES FORMED BY INSIDE->OUT POLYMERIZATION......Page 70
PROCESSES FORMED BY OUTSIDE->IN POLYMERIZATION OF MICROFILAMENT BUNDLES: Small Microvilli and Their Derivatives......Page 74
LARGE MICROVILLI......Page 76
STEREOCILIA......Page 77
SENSORY BRISTLES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER......Page 78
MICROTUBULE-BASED STRUCTURES......Page 80
MICROTUBULES AND ELONGATION OF CELLS......Page 83
Reference List......Page 84
CHAPTER 2.4 CELLULAR MORPHOGENESIS IN PLANTS......Page 88
DIFFUSE CELL ELONGATION IN PLANTS......Page 89
FOCUSED CELL GROWTH: Root Hairs, Pollen Tubes, and Trichomes......Page 94
Reference List......Page 99
Section 3 Cell Migration......Page 104
CHAPTER 3.1 CELL MIGRATION IN DEVELOPMENT: A Brief Overview......Page 106
MORPHOGENESIS BY COALESCENCE OF DISPERSED CELLS......Page 107
TRANSLOCATION OF GROUPS OF CELLS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER......Page 109
DISPERSAL OF CELLS FROM ONE SITE TO THE REST OF THE BODY......Page 111
MIGRATION BY CELL PROCESSES......Page 112
Reference List......Page 113
Lamellipodia......Page 114
FILOPODIA IN CELL CRAWLING......Page 118
CONTROL OF FORMATION OF LAMELLIPODIA/FILOPODIA......Page 121
ADVANCE OF THE CELL BODY......Page 122
RETRACTION OF THE REAR OF THE CELL......Page 124
KEY POINTS TO TAKE FORWARD INTO THE NEXT CHAPTERS......Page 125
Reference List......Page 126
THE CHEMOTACTIC GRADIENT......Page 130
READING THE CHEMOTACTIC GRADIENT......Page 133
LINKING THE INTERNAL REPRESENTATION OF THE EXTERNAL GRADIENT TO MOTILITY......Page 136
HOW GOOD A MODEL IS D. DISCOIDEUM FOR OTHER SPECIES?......Page 140
CHEMOREPULSION......Page 141
MULTIPLE SOURCES OF CHEMOREPELLANT CAN DEFINE A PATHWAY IN A WAY THAT MULTIPLE SOURCES OF CHEMOATTRACTANT CANNOT......Page 142
INTEGRATION OF CHEMOTAXIS AND CONTACT GUIDANCE......Page 143
Reference List......Page 144
CELL MOVEMENT IN RESPONSE TO ELECTRIC FIELDS......Page 148
ELECTRIC FIELDS IN LIVING SYSTEMS......Page 151
Reference List......Page 157
HAPTOTAXIS......Page 160
ATTRACTION BY CONTACT-DRIVEN CELL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION......Page 166
PATHWAYS OF ATTRACTIVE MOLECULES IN THE EMBRYO......Page 167
GUIDANCE OF CELLS BY ALIGNED FIBRES......Page 168
GUIDANCE BY INHIBITION OF LOCOMOTION......Page 170
Reference List......Page 173
WAYPOINT NAVIGATION BY GERM CELLS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER......Page 178
WAYPOINT NAVIGATION BY GROWTH CONES......Page 181
DENSE ARRAYS OF WAYPOINTS MAKE PATHWAYS......Page 184
THE MANY WAYPOINTS OF THE VERTEBRATE VISUAL SYSTEM......Page 185
Reference List......Page 192
CONDENSATION THROUGH ENHANCED CELL ADHESION......Page 196
CONDENSATION BY ELIMINATION OF INTERSTITIAL MATRIX......Page 201
CONTROL OF THE SIZES OF CONDENSATES AND AGGREGATES: Quorum Sensing......Page 203
Reference List......Page 205
Section 4 Epithelial Morphogenesis......Page 208
CHAPTER 4.1 THE EPITHELIAL STATE: A Brief Overview......Page 210
THE MAKING OF AN EPITHELIUM......Page 214
THE FORCES THAT SHAPE AN EPITHELIUM......Page 216
Reference List......Page 219
CHAPTER 4.2 EPITHELIAL MORPHOGENESIS: Neighbour Exchange and Convergent Extension......Page 224
Reference List......Page 232
DORSAL CLOSURE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER......Page 234
WOUND HEALING IN THE EMBRYO......Page 238
Reference List......Page 241
AXIAL INVAGINATION: The Sea Urchin Archenteron......Page 242
ORTHOGONAL INVAGINATION: Neural Tube Formation in Vertebrates......Page 246
INVAGINATION WITHOUT TUBE FORMATION......Page 250
EVAGINATION OF IMAGINAL DISCS......Page 251
Reference List......Page 254
CHAPTER 4.5 EPITHELIAL MORPHOGENESIS: Fusion of Epithelia......Page 258
TRACHEAL FUSION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER......Page 260
EPITHELIAL FUSION IN PALATE DEVELOPMENT......Page 261
Reference List......Page 267
BRANCHING BY SPROUTING......Page 270
SWITCHING BETWEEN MODES OF BRANCHING......Page 280
PATTERNING THE BRANCHING TREE......Page 282
BRANCHING BY CLEFTING......Page 284
INTUSSUSCEPTIVE BRANCHING......Page 288
AUTOMATIC VERSUS PLANNED ARCHITECTURE IN BRANCHING SYSTEMS......Page 291
Reference List......Page 292
Section 5 Morphogenesis by Cell Proliferation and Death......Page 300
CHAPTER 5.1 GROWTH, PROLIFERATION, AND DEATH: A Brief Overview......Page 302
CELL PROLIFERATION IS CONTROLLED AT SEVERAL SCALES......Page 303
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL CYCLE......Page 305
LOCAL CONTROL OF CELL PROLIFERATION......Page 310
TISSUE-SCALE CONTROL OF PROLIFERATION: A Mechanism for Keeping Different Cell Populations in Balance......Page 311
LARGE-SCALE CONTROL OF CELL PROLIFERATION......Page 314
INTERPLAY BETWEEN GLOBAL AND ORGAN-SPECIFIC SIGNALS......Page 316
Reference List......Page 317
CHAPTER 5.2 MORPHOGENESIS BY ORIENTATED CELL DIVISION......Page 322
ORIENTATION OF THE MITOTIC SPINDLE......Page 326
ADAPTIVE SELF-ORGANIZATION OF MITOTIC ORIENTATION AND HERTWIG’S RULE......Page 333
ORIENTATED CELL DIVISION IN PLANTS......Page 334
Reference List......Page 336
CHAPTER 5.3 MORPHOGENESIS BY ELECTIVE CELL DEATH......Page 340
COMPETITION, DEATH, AND THE TROPHIC THEORY......Page 344
ANOIKIS AND ERROR CORRECTION......Page 350
ELECTIVE CELL DEATH IN PLANTS......Page 351
Reference List......Page 352
Section 6 Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 358
Emergence as a Link Between the Molecular-Biological and Systems-Biological Viewpoints......Page 360
The Multilayered Organization of Morphogenetic Processes......Page 361
The Useful-Yet-Dangerous Metaphor of Modularity......Page 364
Why Are Morphogenetic Mechanisms Organized the Way They Are?......Page 366
LOOKING FORWARD: What Remains to Be Done?......Page 368
Reference List......Page 370
INDEX......Page 372