Mechanised shield tunnelling

Cover
......Page 1
Title Page
......Page 5
Contents
......Page 13
The authors......Page 9
Foreword to the 2nd Edition......Page 11
1 Introduction......Page 23
1.1 Basic principles and terms......Page 25
1.2.1 Categories of tunnelling machines German association for underground construction (TVM)......Page 27
1.2.2.1 Tunnel boring machines without shield (gripper TBM)......Page 28
1.2.3 Double shield machines (DSM)......Page 29
1.2.4.1 Shield machines with full-face excavation (SM-V)......Page 30
1.2.5 Adaptable shield machines with combined process technology (KSM)......Page 33
1.2.7.1 Tunnel boring machines (TBM)
......Page 34
1.2.7.3 Face without support (SM-V1)......Page 35
1.2.7.7 Face with earth pressure support (SM-V5)......Page 36
1.2.7.10 Face with compressed air support (SM-T3)......Page 37
1.3 Origins and historical developments......Page 38
2.1.1 Natural support......Page 47
2.1.3 Compressed air support......Page 48
2.1.4 Slurry support......Page 50
2.1.6 Calculation models......Page 54
2.3 Support of the cavity behind the shield......Page 59
2.4 Settlement and damage classifications......Page 61
2.4.1 Empirical determination of the settlement......Page 63
2.4.2 Numerical models for the calculation of settlement......Page 65
2.5 Heave and compaction......Page 68
3.1 Constructional parts of the shield......Page 69
3.2 Loading on the shield......Page 72
3.2.1 Loading on the shield skin......Page 73
3.2.2 Loading on the pressure bulkhead......Page 75
3.3 Calculation of the necessary thrust force......Page 76
3.3.1 Resistance to advance through friction on the shield skin......Page 77
3.3.2 Resistance to advance at the front shield......Page 78
3.3.3 Resistance to advance at the face through platforms and excavation tools......Page 79
3.3.5 Resistance to advance from steering the shield......Page 80
3.3.6 Summary......Page 81
3.4 Empirical values for the dimensioning of the shield and the thrust cylinders......Page 82
3.5 Calculation and dimensioning basics......Page 83
3.6 Regulations and recommendations for the design of shields......Page 84
4 Excavation tools and excavation process......Page 85
4.1.2 Cutting edges......Page 86
4.1.3 Scrapers......Page 87
4.1.4 Drag picks, flat chisels, round chisels, rippers......Page 88
4.1.5 Disc cutters, discs......Page 90
4.1.6 Buckets......Page 92
4.2 Excavation process......Page 93
4.2.1 Tunnelling without cutting wheel......Page 94
4.2.3 Partial-face mechanical excavation......Page 95
4.2.4 Mechanical full-face excavation......Page 100
4.2.6 Alternative excavation processes......Page 113
5.2 Removal from the face......Page 115
5.2.2 Shield machines with pressure chamber......Page 117
5.3.1 Open transport......Page 123
5.3.2 Piped transport......Page 124
5.4 Quantity determination and measuring equipment......Page 127
5.5 Separation......Page 128
5.5.2 Separating devices......Page 130
5.6 Suitability of the muck for landfill......Page 137
6.1 General......Page 139
6.2.1 Single-layer and Double-layer construction
......Page 140
6.2.2 Watertight and water draining construction......Page 141
6.3.1 General
......Page 143
6.3.2.1 Block segments with rectangular plan
......Page 144
6.3.2.3 Rhomboidal and trapezoidal segment systems......Page 148
6.3.2.4 Expanding segments......Page 149
6.3.2.5 Yielding lining systems......Page 150
6.3.3.1 Longitudinal joints......Page 154
6.3.3.2 Ring joints......Page 157
6.3.5.2 Mortar grouting......Page 161
6.3.6.1 Gaskets......Page 163
6.3.7 Production......Page 165
6.3.8 Damage......Page 166
6.3.8.2 Damage while advancing the machine......Page 167
6.3.8.4 Damage after leaving the shield......Page 168
6.4.1 General
......Page 169
6.4.3 Concreting......Page 170
6.5 Injected concrete, Extruded concrete......Page 171
6.6 Shotcrete layers as the final lining......Page 177
6.7 Structural calculations......Page 178
7.1 Shield tail seals......Page 179
7.1.1 Plastic seals......Page 180
7.1.2 Steel brush seals......Page 182
7.1.4 Elastically supported face formwork for the extrusion process......Page 183
7.2.1 Requirements
......Page 184
7.2.2 Conception......Page 185
7.2.3 Grouting systems......Page 186
7.2.4 Grout......Page 190
7.3.1 Machinery and equipment......Page 191
7.3.2 Grout......Page 193
7.3.3 Grouting work at the Channel Tunnel......Page 195
8.1.1 Hand shields......Page 199
8.1.2 Part-face excavation......Page 201
8.2.1 Example: Eurotunnel – under the English Channel, 1988 to 1991
......Page 203
8.2.2 Arrowhead Tunnel......Page 213
8.3.2 Functional principle......Page 217
8.3.3.2 Telescopic shield......Page 218
8.3.3.3 Examples......Page 220
9 Compressed air shields......Page 223
9.1 Functional principle......Page 224
9.2 Compressed air facilities......Page 225
9.2.1 Air locks......Page 226
9.2.2 Compressed air supply......Page 228
9.2.3 Compressed air regulations......Page 229
9.3.1 Determination of air requirement......Page 231
9.3.2 Verification of safety (blowout safety)......Page 234
9.3.3 Special processes......Page 235
9.4.2 Compressed air shield with unpressurised working spaces and part face excavation......Page 236
9.5 The use of compressed air with other types of shield......Page 238
9.6.1 Old Elbe Tunnel next to the St. Pauli landing stage, 1907 to 1911
......Page 239
9.6.2 Energy supply tunnel under the Kiel Fjord, 1989/90......Page 241
10.1 Development history......Page 245
10.2 Functional principle......Page 247
10.3 Scope of application......Page 249
10.4.1 Full-face machines with fluid support......Page 250
10.4.2 Part face machines with slurry support......Page 255
10.5.1 Soil excavation......Page 256
10.5.2 Muck transport......Page 257
10.6.1 Westerschelde
......Page 259
10.6.2 Lower Inn Valley railway, Münster/Wiesing Tunnel, main contract H3-4; Jenbach/Wiesing Tunnel, main contract H8, 2007 to 2......Page 265
10.6.3 Fourth bore of the Elbe Tunnel......Page 269
10.6.4 Chongming......Page 272
11.1 Development history......Page 277
11.2.1 Support pressure measurement and control......Page 278
11.2.3 Mass-volume control......Page 281
11.3 Areas of application......Page 284
11.4.1 Open mode (screw conveyor – conveyor belt)......Page 286
11.4.2 Semi open mode (screw conveyor – conveyor belt)......Page 287
11.4.5 Open mode (conveyor belt)......Page 288
11.5.1 Cutting wheel
......Page 289
11.5.2 Bearing and drive construction......Page 291
11.5.4 Screw conveyor......Page 293
11.5.5 Foam conditioning......Page 295
11.6.1 Katzenberg Tunnel on the new railway line Karlsruhe – Basel, 2005 to 2007
......Page 298
11.6.2 Madrid M-30 (Bypass Sur Tunnel Nord)......Page 302
11.6.3 Heathrow......Page 306
11.6.4 DTSS Singapore......Page 308
12 Convertible shields or multi mode machines......Page 313
12.1.1 Convertible shield with integrated components for multiple operating modes......Page 315
12.2 Machine concepts......Page 317
12.2.1 Mixshield......Page 318
12.3.1 Grauholz Tunnel, 1990 to 1993
......Page 319
12.3.2 Zürich Thalwil contract 2.01......Page 323
12.3.3 Socatop......Page 327
13.1 Blade shields......Page 331
13.1.1 Face support with blade shields......Page 333
13.1.2 Support types with blade shields......Page 334
13.2 Multi-face shields......Page 337
13.2.1 Arrangement of the cutting wheels in multi-face shields......Page 338
13.2.2 Tunnel support with multi-face shields......Page 339
13.3 Enlargement of shield tunnels......Page 341
13.4 Pipe jacking......Page 344
13.4.1 Pipe jacking......Page 346
13.4.2 Box jacking......Page 347
13.5.1 Shield machines for flexible cross-sections......Page 350
13.5.3 Horizontal and vertical shield machines......Page 352
13.5.5 Rotation shields......Page 353
13.5.6 Shield docking method......Page 354
14 Guided microtunnelling processes......Page 359
14.1 Pilot tube process......Page 360
14.2 Auger microtunnelling......Page 361
14.3 Shield microtunnelling......Page 362
14.4 English Mini Tunnel system......Page 364
14.5 New developments......Page 366
15 Surveying and steering......Page 371
15.1 Surveying......Page 372
15.1.2 Navigation with gyroscope system and hose water level......Page 373
15.1.3 Navigation with total station and automatic target unit......Page 374
15.1.4 Navigation with total station and prisms......Page 375
15.3 Ring convergence measurement......Page 376
15.4 Steering......Page 377
15.5 Further surveying and data logging tasks......Page 379
16 Workplace safety......Page 381
16.1 General safety requirements......Page 382
16.2 Control stations......Page 385
16.4 Control devices and control systems......Page 386
16.5 Towing connections......Page 388
16.7 Ventilation and the control of dust and gas......Page 389
16.8 Fire protection......Page 390
16.11 Content of handbook......Page 391
16.12 Evaluation of risk in mechanised tunnelling [26]......Page 392
17.1 Introduction......Page 405
17.2 Requirements for the contract model......Page 406
17.3 Contract model according to VOB......Page 407
17.4 Time and cost drivers......Page 408
17.5 Under-pricing as a performance killer......Page 409
17.6 Chances and risks of partnering......Page 410
17.7 Partnering – contractual implementation......Page 411
17.8 Partnering – mutual process optimisation......Page 412
18.2 Procedure......Page 415
18.3 Data management......Page 416
18.4 Target-actual comparison......Page 417
18.5 Target process structure......Page 419
18.6 Analysis of the actual process......Page 421
19.1 Preliminary notes......Page 423
19.2.1 National regulations......Page 424
19.2.3 Standards and other regulatory works......Page 425
19.3.1 Definitions
......Page 426
19.4 Application and structure of the recommendations......Page 428
19.5.2.1 Tunnel boring machines without shield (Gripper TBM)......Page 430
19.5.2.2 Enlargement tunnel boring machines (ETBM)......Page 431
19.5.4.1 Shield machines for full-face excavation (SM-V)......Page 432
19.5.4.2 Shield machines with partial face excavation (SM-T)......Page 435
19.5.6.3 Articulated shields......Page 436
19.5.7.1 Tunnel boring machines (TBM)......Page 437
19.5.7.2 Tunnel boring machines with shield (TBM-S), Shield machines (SM, DSM, KSM)......Page 438
19.5.7.3 Advance support......Page 439
19.6.2 Ground stability and face support......Page 440
19.6.3.1 Sticking......Page 441
19.6.3.3 Soil conditioning......Page 442
19.6.3.5 Soil transport and tipping......Page 443
19.7 Environmental aspects......Page 444
19.8 Other project conditions......Page 446
19.9.1.2 Possible areas of application......Page 447
19.9.2.2 DSM (Double shield machines)......Page 448
19.9.2.7 SM-V5 (full-face excavation, face with earth pressure balance support)......Page 449
19.9.2.12 KSM (Convertible shield machines)......Page 450
19.10 Appendices......Page 451
Bibliography......Page 471
Index......Page 485