Mechanically responsive materials for soft robotics

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 15
Part I Mechanically Responsive Crystals......Page 17
  1.1 Introduction......Page 19
  1.2 Crystal Deformation Exhibiting Expansion/Contraction upon Photoirradiation......Page 22
  1.3 Photoresponsive Bending......Page 23
  1.4 Dependence of Bending Behavior on Irradiation Wavelength......Page 27
  1.5 Photomechanical Work of Diarylethene Crystals That Exhibit Bending......Page 29
  1.6 New Types of Photomechanical Motion......Page 31
  1.7 Photosalient Effect......Page 36
  1.8 Summary......Page 38
  References......Page 39
  2.1 Introduction......Page 45
  2.2 Elements of Photomechanical Molecular Crystals......Page 46
  2.3 The Advantage of Using Anthracene Derivatives in Photomechanical Crystals......Page 49
    2.4.1.1 9‐Anthracene Carboxylate Ester Derivatives......Page 50
    2.4.1.2 9‐Methylanthracene......Page 52
    2.4.1.3 9‐Cyanoanthracne, 9‐Anthealdehyde, and 9,10‐Dinitroanthracene......Page 53
    2.4.1.4 Conjugated Anthracene Derivatives with Trans‐to‐Cis Photochemistry......Page 54
   2.4.2 T‐Type Photomechanical Crystals Based on Reversible 4��+4�� Photodimerization......Page 55
   2.4.3 P‐Type Anthracene Derivatives......Page 60
  2.5 Synthesis of Anthracene Derivatives......Page 62
   2.6.1 Modeling Reaction Dynamics in Molecular Crystals......Page 63
   2.6.2 New Anthracene Derivatives and Crystal Shapes......Page 64
   2.6.3 Interfacing Photomechanical Molecular Crystals with Other Materials......Page 65
  References......Page 66
  3.1 Introduction......Page 73
    3.2.1.1 Bending......Page 75
   3.2.2 Salicylideneaniline and Analogues......Page 77
    3.2.2.1 Bending and the Mechanism......Page 79
   3.2.3 Fulgide......Page 80
   3.2.4 Carbonyl Compounds......Page 82
  3.3 Locomotion of Crystals by Thermal Phase Transition......Page 83
   3.3.1 Inchworm‐Like Walking......Page 86
   3.3.2 Fast Rolling Locomotion......Page 87
   3.4.1 Discovery and the Mechanism of Photo‐triggered Phase Transition......Page 88
  3.5 Why Crystals?......Page 91
  References......Page 93
  4.1 Introduction......Page 99
  4.2 Isomerization of Azobenzene......Page 100
  4.3 Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals (Liquid‐Crystal‐to‐Isotropic)......Page 102
   4.4.1 Characteristics of the Crystal‐to‐Melt Phase Transition......Page 103
   4.4.2 Potential Applications of Crystal‐to‐Melt Transition......Page 105
   4.4.3 Mechanical Motions Derived from the Crystal‐to‐Liquid Phase Transition......Page 108
   4.5.1 Discovery of the Crawling Motion of Crystal on Solid Surface......Page 110
   4.5.2 Characteristics of the Crawling Motion of Crystals......Page 111
  4.6 Conclusion......Page 114
  References......Page 115
   5.1.1 General Mechanism of Crystal Bending......Page 121
   5.1.2 Kinetic Model of the Transformation......Page 124
   5.1.3 Mechanical Response of a Crystal to Irradiation......Page 128
   5.1.4 A Case Study, Linkage Isomerization of [Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl(NO3)......Page 132
   5.1.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 133
   5.2.1 Salient Effects......Page 134
   5.2.2 Mechanism of the Thermosalient Transition......Page 136
   5.2.3 Thermal Signature of the Thermosalient Effect......Page 139
   5.2.4 Directionality of Motion......Page 140
   5.2.5 Effect of Intermolecular Interactions......Page 141
   5.2.6 Effect of Crystal Habit......Page 143
   5.2.7 Photosalient and Mechanosalient Effects......Page 144
   5.2.8 Applications of the Salient Effects......Page 146
  5.3 Self‐healing Crystals......Page 147
  References......Page 149
  Introduction......Page 155
  6.1 Discovery of Organosuperelasticity......Page 157
  6.2 Twinning Organosuperelasticity......Page 165
  6.3 Organosuperplasticity Through Multilayered Sliding......Page 172
  6.4 Twinning Ferroelasticity......Page 174
  References......Page 189
Part II Mechanically Responsive Polymers and Composites......Page 193
  7.1 Introduction......Page 195
   7.2.1 A Host–Guest Gel with ��CD and Azo......Page 196
   7.2.2 Photo‐Responsive Volume Change of ��CD‐Azo Gels......Page 197
   7.2.3 Photo‐Responsive Property of ��CD‐Azo Gels......Page 200
  7.3 Artificial Muscle Regulated by Sliding Motion......Page 203
   7.3.2 Mechanical and Photo‐Responsive Properties of the ��CD‐Azo Hydrogel......Page 204
  7.4 An Artificial Molecular Actuator with a [c2]Daisy Chain ([c2]AzoCD2)......Page 208
   7.4.1 Photo‐Responsive Actuation of the [c2]AzoCD2 Hydrogel......Page 210
   7.4.2 Photo‐Responsive Actuation of the [c2]AzoCD2 Xerogel......Page 212
   7.5.1 (��CD‐Sti)2 Hydrogel......Page 215
   7.5.2 (��CD‐Sti)2 Dry Gel......Page 218
  7.6 Concluding Remarks......Page 220
  References......Page 221
  Introduction......Page 225
   8.1.1 Polysiloxanes......Page 227
   8.1.2 Polyacrylates......Page 229
   8.1.4 Systems with Multiple Polymer Components......Page 234
   8.1.5 Composites......Page 236
   8.1.6 Linear Polymers......Page 238
   8.1.7 Rearrangeable Network with Dynamic Covalent Bonds......Page 240
  References......Page 242
  9.1 Background......Page 249
  9.2 Actuation Principles......Page 250
   9.2.1 Photochemical Phase Transition......Page 251
   9.2.2 Weigert Effect......Page 253
   9.2.3 Photothermal Effect......Page 255
  9.3 Bioinspired Actuators and Their Applications......Page 258
   9.3.1 Soft Actuators Driven by Photothermal Effect......Page 259
   9.3.2 Photoinduced Actuation of Soft Actuators......Page 261
  9.4 Conclusion......Page 267
  References......Page 269
  10.1 Introduction......Page 273
  10.3 Siloxane‐Based Organic–Inorganic Hybrids......Page 274
   10.4.1 Nanostructural Control by Self‐Assembly Processes......Page 277
   10.4.2 Lamellar Siloxane‐Based Hybrids with Pendant Azobenzene Groups......Page 278
   10.4.3 Lamellar Siloxane‐Based Hybrids with Bridging Azobenzene Groups......Page 280
   10.4.4 Photo‐Induced Bending of Azobenzene–Siloxane Hybrid Film......Page 281
   10.4.5 Control of the Arrangement of Azobenzene Groups......Page 284
   10.5.2 Hybridization with Carbon‐Based Materials......Page 286
  References......Page 288
  11.1 Introduction......Page 293
   11.2.1 Associative CANs......Page 295
  11.3 Thermo‐reversible Chemistry......Page 296
   11.4.2 DA Reactions for Polymer Synthesis......Page 298
    11.4.3.1 Self‐healing Materials......Page 299
    11.4.3.2 Hydrogels......Page 303
  11.5 Soft Actuators......Page 305
  11.6 DA‐based SMPs for Soft Robotics Application......Page 308
  11.7 On the Road to 3D Printing......Page 309
  11.8 Perspectives and Challenges......Page 311
  References......Page 314
  12.2 Classification of Mechanochromic Polymers......Page 323
  12.3 Mechanochromophores Based on Dynamic Covalent Chemistry......Page 325
   12.4.2 Polyurethane Elastomers with Mechanophores in the Repeating Units......Page 326
   12.4.3 Mechanochromic Elastomers Based on Polymer–Inorganic Composites with Dynamic Covalent Mechanochromophores......Page 328
  12.5 Mechanochromic Polymers Exhibiting Mechanofluorescence......Page 331
  12.6 Rainbow Mechanochromism Based on Three Radical‐type Mechanochromophores......Page 332
  12.7 Multicolor Mechanochromism Based on Radical‐type Mechanochromophores......Page 334
  12.8 Foresight......Page 337
  References......Page 339
Part III Application of Mechanically Responsive Materials to Soft Robots......Page 343
  13.1 Soft Robotics at the Micro Scale......Page 345
   13.2.1 Thermal Response of LCEs......Page 346
   13.2.2 Photothermal Actuation of LCEs......Page 347
  13.3 Light‐Controlled Soft Microrobots......Page 351
   13.3.1 Structured Light......Page 353
    13.3.2.1 Role of Control Parameters......Page 354
   13.3.3 Swimming Microrobots......Page 357
  References......Page 360
  14.1 Introduction......Page 363
  14.2 3D Printing Techniques......Page 364
   14.2.1 Material Extrusion‐Based Techniques......Page 365
   14.2.2 Vat Photopolymerization Techniques......Page 366
   14.3.1 Shape Memory Polymers......Page 368
   14.3.2 Hydrogels......Page 371
   14.3.3 Liquid Crystalline Elastomers......Page 372
  14.4 4D Printing Toward Soft Robotics......Page 374
  14.5 Conclusions......Page 375
  References......Page 376
  15.1 Introduction......Page 379
  15.2 Evolution of Growing Robots......Page 381
  15.3 Mechanisms for Adaptive Growth in Plants......Page 383
   15.4.2 The “Evolution” of Plantoids......Page 385
   15.4.4 First Growing Mechanism......Page 387
   15.4.5 Artificial Roots with Soft Spring‐Based Actuators......Page 389
   15.4.6 Growing Robots via Embedded 3D Printing......Page 391
    15.4.6.1 Deposition Strategies......Page 392
  15.5 Adaptive Strategies in Plant for Robot Behavior......Page 395
   15.5.1 A Plant‐Inspired Kinematics Model......Page 396
   15.5.2 Plant‐Inspired Behavioral Control......Page 398
   15.5.3 Circumnutation Movements in Natural and Artificial Roots......Page 401
  15.6 Applications and Perspective......Page 403
  References......Page 404
  16.1 Introduction......Page 411
  16.2 Muscle Usable in Biohybrid Robots......Page 412
   16.2.1 Cardiomyocyte and Cardiac Muscle Tissue......Page 413
   16.2.2 Skeletal Muscle Fiber and Skeletal Muscle Tissue......Page 414
   16.2.3 Cell and Tissue Other Than Mammals......Page 415
  16.3 Actuation of Biohybrid Robots Powered by Muscle......Page 416
   16.3.1 Biohybrid Robot with a Single Muscle Cell......Page 417
   16.3.2 Biohybrid Robot with Monolayer of Muscle Cells......Page 418
   16.3.3 Biohybrid Robot with Muscle Tissues......Page 422
  16.4 Summary and Future Directions......Page 426
  References......Page 427
Index......Page 433
EULA......Page 444