Mechanical Engineers' Handbook

74178_92069881.pdf......Page 1
http://www.knovel.com/knovel/databook/pdf/584/30079_toc.pdf......Page 2
Z......Page 0
Part 1. Materials and Mechanical Design......Page 22
1.1 Introduction......Page 23
1.2 Metals......Page 32
1.3 Ceramics......Page 34
1.5 Composites and Coatings......Page 35
2. Steel......Page 37
2.1 Metallography and Heat Treatment......Page 38
2.2 Iron-Iron Carbide Phase Diagram......Page 39
2.3 Hardenability......Page 45
2.4 Heat-Treating Processes......Page 46
2.5 Carbon Steels......Page 51
2.6 Dual-Phase Sheet Steels......Page 55
2.7 Alloy Steels......Page 56
3.2 Properties of Aluminum......Page 64
3.4 Alloy Designation Systems......Page 65
3.5 Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloys......Page 67
3.6 Working Stresses......Page 68
3.7 Characteristics......Page 70
3.8 Typical Applications......Page 71
3.9 Machining Aluminum......Page 72
3.10 Corrosion Behavior......Page 73
3.11 Finishing Aluminum......Page 75
3.12 Summary......Page 76
4.1 Copper......Page 78
4.2 Sand-Cast Copper-Base Alloys......Page 79
5.1 Introduction......Page 89
5.2 Nickel Alloys......Page 90
5.3 Corrosion......Page 98
5.4 Fabrication......Page 100
5.5 Heat Treatment......Page 102
5.7 Machining......Page 104
5.8 Closure......Page 106
6.1 Introduction......Page 108
6.2 Alloys......Page 109
6.3 Physical Properties......Page 113
6.4 Corrosion Resistance......Page 114
6.5 Fabrication......Page 115
6.6 Specifications, Standards, and Quality Control......Page 122
6.8 Uses......Page 124
7.2 Uses......Page 126
7.4 Fabrication......Page 127
7.5 Corrosion and Finishing......Page 130
8.1 Introduction......Page 132
8.2 Commodity Thermoplastics......Page 133
8.3 Engineering Thermoplastics......Page 137
8.4 Fluorinated Thermoplastics......Page 141
8.5 Thermosets......Page 145
8.7 Specialty Elastomers......Page 146
9.1 Introduction......Page 147
9.2 Reinforcements and Matrix Materials......Page 152
9.3 Properties of Composite Materials......Page 158
9.4 Processes......Page 177
9.5 Applications......Page 180
9.6 Design and Analysis......Page 201
10.1 Stresses, Strains, Stress Intensity......Page 208
10.3 Combined Stresses......Page 216
10.4 Creep......Page 220
10.5 Fatigue......Page 222
10.6 Beams......Page 224
10.7 Shafts, Bending, and Torsion......Page 242
10.8 Columns......Page 247
10.9 Cylinders, Spheres, and Plates......Page 253
10.10 Contact Stresses......Page 260
10.12 Design Solution Sources and Guidelines......Page 262
11.1 Origin of CE......Page 266
11.5 The Essence of CE......Page 267
11.6 Barriers to CE......Page 268
11.9 Teamwork Can Lead to Chaos......Page 269
11.12 Concurrent Engineering Technologies......Page 270
11.13 Application of CE Principles......Page 275
12.1 Introduction......Page 277
12.2 Collocation Services......Page 278
12.3 Coordination Services......Page 280
12.4 Information Sharing......Page 283
12.5 Corporate History Management Services......Page 287
12.6 Conclusion......Page 290
13.1 Introduction to Computer-Aided Design (CAD)......Page 291
13.2 Hardware......Page 298
13.3 The Computer......Page 299
13.4 Memory Systems......Page 303
13.5 Input Devices......Page 306
13.6 Output Devices......Page 309
13.7 Software......Page 313
13.8 CAD Software......Page 318
13.9 CAD Standards and Translators......Page 326
13.10 Applications of CAD......Page 331
14.2 Virtual Reality......Page 336
14.3 VR Technology......Page 337
14.4 VR System Architecture......Page 340
14.5 Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics vs. VR......Page 341
14.6 VR for Mechanical Engineering......Page 342
14.7 Virtual Prototyping/Manufacturing and VR......Page 343
15.2 Human Performance......Page 346
15.3 The Design Process......Page 347
15.4 Design Research......Page 348
15.5 Ergonomic Analyses......Page 349
15.6 Design Research Methods......Page 353
15.7 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Ergonomics and Design Research......Page 354
16.1 Introduction......Page 355
16.2 Component Mounting......Page 357
16.3 Fastening and Joining......Page 358
16.4 Interconnection......Page 360
16.6 Shock and Vibration......Page 361
16.7 Structural Design......Page 363
16.8 Thermal Design......Page 364
16.10 Protective Packaging......Page 366
17.1 Introduction......Page 369
17.2 Requirements for the Application of Optimization Methods......Page 370
17.3 Applications of Optimization in Engineering......Page 372
17.4 Structure of Optimization Problems......Page 382
17.5 Overview of Optimization Methods......Page 384
17.6 Summary......Page 389
18.1 Criteria of Failure......Page 392
18.2 Failure Modes......Page 393
18.3 Elastic Deformation and Yielding......Page 397
18.4 Fracture Mechanics and Unstable Crack Growth......Page 398
18.5 Fatigue and Stress Concentration......Page 412
18.6 Creep and Stress Rupture......Page 454
18.7 Combined Creep and Fatigue......Page 461
18.8 Fretting and Wear......Page 467
18.9 Corrosion and Stress Corrosion......Page 480
18.10 Failure Analysis and Retrospective Design......Page 486
19.1 Introduction......Page 492
19.2 TQM in General......Page 493
19.4 Quality in the Design Phase......Page 494
19.5 Quality Tools and Methods......Page 497
20.1 Introduction......Page 504
20.2 Basic Reliability Networks......Page 505
20.4 Reliability-Based Design......Page 508
20.5 Design-Reliability Tools......Page 509
20.7 Risk Assessment......Page 518
20.8 Failure Data......Page 521
21. Lubrication of Machine Elements......Page 524
Symbols......Page 525
21.1 Lubrication Fundamentals......Page 529
21.2 Hydrodynamic and Hydrostatic Lubrication......Page 541
21.3 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication......Page 575
21.4 Boundary Lubrication......Page 636
22.2 Static Seals......Page 648
22.3 Dynamic Seals......Page 657
23.1 Vibration......Page 679
23.2 Rotational Imbalance......Page 686
23.3 Vibration Measurement......Page 691
23.4 Acceleration Measurement......Page 700
23.5 Shock Measurement and Analysis......Page 711
23.6 Shock Testing......Page 714
23.7 Shake Tests for Electronic Assemblies......Page 724
24.1 Sound Characteristics......Page 730
24.6 Combining Decibels......Page 731
24.7 Sound Produced By Several Machines of the Same Type......Page 732
24.11 Correction for Background Noise......Page 734
24.14 Machines in Semireverberant Locations......Page 735
24.15 Two-Surface Method......Page 736
24.17 Sound Absorption......Page 738
24.19 Sound Isolation......Page 739
24.21 Composite Panel......Page 740
24.22 Acoustic Enclosures......Page 741
24.24 Vibration Isolation......Page 742
24.26 Mufflers......Page 744
24.27 Sound Control Recommendations......Page 746
25.1 Introduction......Page 748
25.2 Liquid Penetrants......Page 749
25.3 Ultrasonic Methods......Page 751
25.4 Radiography......Page 757
25.5 Eddy Current Inspection......Page 765
25.6 Thermal Methods......Page 769
25.7 Magnetic Particle Method......Page 770
25.8 Appendix A: Ultrasonic Properties of Common Materials......Page 773
25.9 Appendix B: Electrical Resistivities and Conductivities of Commercial Metals and Alloys......Page 778
Part 2. Systems and Controls......Page 780
26.1 Introduction......Page 781
26.2 The System Life Cycle and Functional Elements of Systems Engineering......Page 783
26.3 Systems Engineering Objectives......Page 788
26.4 Systems Engineering Methodology and Methods......Page 789
26.5 System Design......Page 803
26.6 Conclusions......Page 811
27.1 Rationale......Page 814
27.2 Ideal Elements......Page 815
27.3 System Structure and Interconnection Laws......Page 821
27.4 Standard Forms for Linear Models......Page 826
27.5 Approaches to Linear Systems Analysis......Page 832
27.6 State-Variable Methods......Page 849
27.7 Simulation......Page 860
27.8 Model Classifications......Page 866
28. Basic Control Systems Design......Page 887
28.1 Introduction......Page 888
28.2 Control System Structure......Page 889
28.3 Transducers and Error Detectors......Page 892
28.4 Actuators......Page 895
28.5 Control Laws......Page 900
28.6 Controller Hardware......Page 906
28.7 Further Criteria for Gain Selection......Page 907
28.8 Compensation and Alternative Control Structures......Page 914
28.9 Graphical Design Methods......Page 917
28.10 Principles of Digital Control......Page 922
28.11 Uniquely Digital Algorithms......Page 924
28.12 Hardware and Software for Digital control......Page 930
28.13 Future Trends in control Systems......Page 933
29.1 Standards and Accuracy......Page 937
29.2 Impedance Concepts......Page 939
29.3 Error Analysis......Page 943
29.4 Appendix......Page 948
Part 3. Manufacturing Engineering......Page 953
30.1 Introduction......Page 954
30.2 Design for Manufacturing and Assembly......Page 955
30.3 Why is DFM&A Important?......Page 969
31.1 Part Family Classification and Coding......Page 970
31.2 Engineering Materials Taxonomy......Page 981
31.3 Fabrication Process Taxonomy......Page 986
31.4 Fabrication Equipment Classification......Page 993
31.5 Fabrication Tool Classification and Coding......Page 1000
32.1 Introduction......Page 1006
32.2 Forecasting......Page 1007
32.3 Inventory Models......Page 1013
32.4 Aggregate Planning-Master Scheduling......Page 1022
32.5 Materials Requirements Planning......Page 1026
32.6 Job Sequencing and Scheduling......Page 1034
32.7 Other Related Topics......Page 1049
33. Production Processes and Equipment......Page 1054
33.1 Metal-Cutting Principles......Page 1055
33.2 Machining Power and Cutting Forces......Page 1058
33.3 Tool Life......Page 1060
33.4 Metal-Cutting Economics......Page 1062
33.5 Cutting-Tool Materials......Page 1065
33.6 Turning Machines......Page 1067
33.7 Drilling Machines......Page 1070
33.8 Milling Processes......Page 1079
33.9 Gear Manufacturing......Page 1082
33.10 Thread Cutting and Forming......Page 1087
33.11 Broaching......Page 1088
33.12 Shaping, Planing, and Slotting......Page 1090
33.13 Sawing, Shearing, and Cutting Off......Page 1093
33.15 Grinding, Abrasive Machining, and Finishing......Page 1094
33.16 Nontraditional Machining......Page 1099
34.1 Introduction......Page 1121
34.2 Hot-Working Processes......Page 1122
34.3 Cold-Working Processes......Page 1132
34.4 Metal Casting and Molding Processes......Page 1140
34.5 Plastic-Molding Processes......Page 1146
34.6 Powder Metallurgy......Page 1147
34.7 Surface Treatment......Page 1148
35. Mechanical Fasteners......Page 1154
35.1 Introduction......Page 1155
35.2 Bolted and Riveted Joint Types......Page 1156
35.4 Strength of a Simple Lap Joint (Bearing-Type Connection)......Page 1157
35.5 Sample Problem of a Complex Butt Joint (Bearing-Type Connection)......Page 1158
35.6 Friction-Type Connections......Page 1161
35.7 Upper Limits on Clamping Force......Page 1163
35.8 Theoretical Behavior of the Joint Under Tensile Loads......Page 1165
35.10 Installation of High-Strength Bolts......Page 1173
35.11 Torque and Turn Together......Page 1175
35.12 Ultrasonic Measurement of Bolt Strength Or Tension......Page 1176
35.13 Fatigue Failure and Design for Cyclical Tension Loads......Page 1178
35.14 Welded Joints......Page 1179
35.15 Cooling Rates and the Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) in Weldments......Page 1190
36.3 Quality Control......Page 1194
36.4 Interrelationship of Tolerances of Assembled Products......Page 1198
36.6 Control Charts for Attributes......Page 1199
36.7 Acceptance Sampling......Page 1202
36.8 Defense Department Acceptance Sampling by Variables......Page 1203
37.1 Introduction......Page 1205
37.2 Definitions and Classifications......Page 1206
37.3 Numerical-Control Manufacturing Systems......Page 1210
37.4 Industrial Robots......Page 1213
37.5 Computers in Manufacturing......Page 1215
37.6 Group Technology......Page 1217
38.1 Introduction......Page 1223
38.2 Bulk Material Handling......Page 1224
38.3 Bulk Materials Storage......Page 1230
38.4 Unit Material Handling......Page 1237
38.5 Material-Handling Equipment Considerations and Examples......Page 1244
38.6 Implementing the Solution......Page 1258
Part 4. Energy, Power, and Pollution Control Technology......Page 1262
39. Thermophysical Properties of Fluids......Page 1263
Table 39.2 Phase Transition Data for the Elements......Page 1265
Table 39.3 Phase Transition Data for Compounds......Page 1267
Table 39.4 Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid and Saturated Vapor Air......Page 1269
Table 39.5 Ideal Gas Thermophysical Properties of Air......Page 1270
Table 39.6 Thermophysical Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere......Page 1273
Table 39.7 Thermophysical Properties of Condensed and Saturated Vapor Carbon Dioxide From 200 K to the Critical Point......Page 1274
Table 39.8 Thermophysical Properties of Gaseous Carbon Dioxide at 1 Bar Pressure......Page 1275
Figure 39.1 Enthalpy-Log Pressure Diagram for Carbon Dioxide......Page 1276
Table 39.9 Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Mercury......Page 1277
Figure 39.2 Enthalpy-Log Pressure Diagram for Mercury......Page 1278
Table 39.10 Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Methane......Page 1279
Table 39.11 Thermophysical Properties of Methane at Atmospheric Pressure......Page 1280
Table 39.12 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 22......Page 1281
Figure 39.3 Enthalpy-Log Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 22......Page 1282
Table 39.14 Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 134a......Page 1283
Table 39.15 Interim Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerant 134a......Page 1284
Figure 39.4 Compressibility Factor of Refrigerant 134a......Page 1286
Figure 39.5 Enthalpy-Log Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 134a......Page 1287
Table 39.16 Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Sodium......Page 1288
Table 39.17 Thermodynamic Properties of Ice/Water......Page 1289
Table 39.18 Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Steam/Water......Page 1290
Table 39.19 Thermophysical Properties of Miscellaneous Substances at Atmospheric Pressure......Page 1292
Table 39.20 Physical Properties of Numbered Refrigerants......Page 1294
Table 39.21 Specific Heat (kJ/kg • K) at Constant Pressure of Saturated Liquids......Page 1297
Table 39.22 Ratio of Principal Specific Heats, Cp/Cv, for Liquids and Gases at Atmospheric Pressure......Page 1298
Table 39.23 Surface Tension (N/m) of Liquids......Page 1299
Table 39.24 Thermal Conductivity (W/m • K) of Saturated Liquids......Page 1300
Table 39.25 Viscosity (10-4Pa • sec) of Saturated Liquids......Page 1301
Table 39.26 Thermochemical Properties at 1.013 bar, 298.15 K......Page 1302
Table 39.27 Ideal Gas Sensible Enthalpies (kJ/kg • mol) of Common Products of Combustion......Page 1303
Figure 39.6 Psychrometric Chart......Page 1305
40. Fluid Mechanics......Page 1306
40.3 Fluid Statics......Page 1307
40.4 Fluid Kinematics......Page 1311
40.5 Fluid Momentum......Page 1315
40.6 Fluid Energy......Page 1318
40.7 Contraction Coefficients From Potential Flow Theory......Page 1320
40.8 Dimensionless Numbers and Dynamic Similarity......Page 1321
40.9 Viscous Flow and Incompressible Boundary Layers......Page 1324
40.10 Gas Dynamics......Page 1327
40.11 Viscous Fluid Flow in Ducts......Page 1330
40.12 Dynamic Drag and Lift......Page 1340
40.13 Flow Measurements......Page 1341
41.1 Introduction......Page 1347
41.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems......Page 1349
41.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems......Page 1351
41.4 The Laws of Thermodynamics for Open Systems......Page 1354
41.5 Relations Among Thermodynamic Properties......Page 1355
41.6 Ideal Gases......Page 1357
41.8 Two-Phase States......Page 1360
41.9 Analysis of Engineering System Components......Page 1363
42.1 Introduction......Page 1367
42.2 Physical Exergy......Page 1369
42.3 Chemical Exergy......Page 1371
42.4 Entropy Generation Minimization......Page 1373
42.5 Cryogenics......Page 1374
42.6 Heat Transfer......Page 1375
42.7 Storage Systems......Page 1377
42.9 Power Plants......Page 1378
43.1 Symbols and Units......Page 1382
43.2 Conduction Heat Transfer......Page 1384
43.3 Convection Heat Transfer......Page 1400
43.4 Radiation Heat Transfer......Page 1416
43.5 Boiling and Condensation Heat Transfer......Page 1433
44.1 Fundamentals of Combustion......Page 1447
44.2 Purposes of Combustion......Page 1451
44.3 Burners......Page 1455
44.4 Safety Considerations......Page 1458
44.5 Oxy-Fuel Firing......Page 1463
45. Furnaces......Page 1464
45.3 Furnace Types......Page 1465
45.4 Furnace Construction......Page 1468
45.5 Fuels and Combustion......Page 1469
45.6 Oxygen Enrichment of Combustion Air......Page 1474
45.7 Thermal Properties of Materials......Page 1475
45.8 Heat Transfer......Page 1477
45.9 Fluid Flow......Page 1501
45.10 Burner and Control Equipment......Page 1504
45.11 Waste Heat Recovery Systems......Page 1512
45.12 Furnace Components in Complex Thermal Processes......Page 1515
45.15 Representative Heating Rates......Page 1517
45.17 Furnace Economics......Page 1518
46.2 Natural Gas......Page 1520
46.3 Liquefied Petroleum Gases......Page 1529
47.2 Fuel Oils......Page 1531
47.5 Oil-Water Emulsions......Page 1542
48.1 Introduction......Page 1548
48.3 Types......Page 1552
48.4 Physical and Chemical Properties-Description and Tables of Selected Values......Page 1553
48.5 Burning Characteristics......Page 1554
48.6 Ash Characteristics......Page 1556
48.7 Sampling......Page 1558
48.8 Coal Cleaning......Page 1559
49.1 Solar Energy Availability......Page 1562
49.2 Solar Thermal Collectors......Page 1573
49.3 Solar Thermal Applications......Page 1582
49.4 Nonthermal Solar Energy Applications......Page 1590
50.1 Introduction......Page 1595
50.2 Hydrothermal Resources......Page 1596
50.4 Geopressured Resources......Page 1597
50.5 Geothermal Energy Conversion......Page 1599
51.1 Energy Management and the Energy Audit......Page 1603
51.2 Performing an Energy Audit-Analyzing Energy Use......Page 1604
51.3 Performing an Energy Audit-Identifying Opportunities for Saving Energy......Page 1609
51.4 Evaluating Energy Conservation Opportunities......Page 1614
51.5 Presenting the Results of an Energy Audit......Page 1616
52.1 Heat Exchanger Types and Construction......Page 1618
52.2 Estimation of Size and Cost......Page 1624
52.3 Rating Methods......Page 1627
52.4 Common Operational Problems......Page 1638
52.5 Use of Computers in Thermal Design of Process Heat Exchangers......Page 1642
53.1 Air-Heating Processes......Page 1651
53.3 Warnings......Page 1653
53.4 Benefits......Page 1654
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55.1 Pump and Fan Similarity......Page 1663
55.2 System Design: the First Step in Pump or Fan  Selection......Page 1664
55.3 Characteristics of Rotating Fluid Machines......Page 1669
55.4 Pump Selection......Page 1674
55.5 Fan Selection......Page 1678
56.1 Historical Perspective......Page 1681
56.4 U.S. Commercial Reactors......Page 1683
56.5 Policy......Page 1689
56.6 Basic Energy Production Processes......Page 1692
56.7 Characteristics of the Radiation Produced by Nuclear Systems......Page 1694
56.8 Biological Effects of Radiation......Page 1696
56.9 The Chain Reaction......Page 1697
56.10 Power Production by Reactors......Page 1700
56.11 Reactor Safety Analysis......Page 1702
57.1 Introduction......Page 1705
57.2 Gas Turbine Performance......Page 1723
57.3 Applications......Page 1732
57.4 Evaluation and Selection......Page 1742
58.1 Historical Background......Page 1748
58.2 The Heat Engine and Energy Conversion Processes......Page 1750
58.3 Selected Steam Thermodynamic Properties......Page 1755
58.4 Blade Path Design......Page 1758
59.1 Types and Principles of Operation......Page 1783
59.2 Fuels and Knock......Page 1790
59.3 Performance and Efficiency......Page 1796
59.4 Emissions and Fuel Economy Regulations......Page 1804
60.1 Hydraulic Fluids......Page 1813
60.2 Contamination Control......Page 1814
60.3 Positive Aspects of Contamination......Page 1815
60.4 Design Equations - Orifices and Valves......Page 1816
60.5 Design Equations - Pipes and Fittings......Page 1817
60.6 Hydrostatic Pumps and Motors......Page 1820
60.7 Stiffness in Hydraulic Systems......Page 1825
60.9 Pump Sets and Accumulators......Page 1829
60.10 Hydrostatic Transmissions......Page 1833
60.11 Concept of Feedback Control in Hydraulics......Page 1834
60.12 Improved Model......Page 1836
60.13 Electrohydraulic Systems-Analog......Page 1838
60.14 Electrohydraulic Systems-Digital......Page 1842
61.2 Types......Page 1846
61.3 Sizing......Page 1856
61.5 Cost of Air Leaks......Page 1857
62.1 Introduction......Page 1859
62.2 Basic Principles......Page 1860
62.3 Refrigeration Cycles and System Overview......Page 1861
62.4 Refrigerants......Page 1863
62.5 Absorption Systems......Page 1871
62.7 Indirect Refrigeration......Page 1874
62.8 System Components......Page 1878
62.9 Defrost Methods......Page 1890
62.11 Refrigeration System Specifications......Page 1891
63.1 Cryogenics and Cryofluid Properties......Page 1895
63.2 Cryogenic Refrigeration and Liquefaction Cycles......Page 1901
63.3 Cryogenic Heat-Transfer Methods......Page 1910
63.4 Insulation Systems......Page 1920
63.5 Materials for Cryogenic Service......Page 1924
63.6 Special Problems in Low-Temperature Instrumentation......Page 1934
63.7 Examples of Cryogenic Processing......Page 1936
63.8 Superconductivity and Its Applications......Page 1944
63.9 Cryobiology and Cryosurgery......Page 1950
64.1 Moist Air Properties and Conditioning Processes......Page 1953
64.2 Space Heating......Page 1962
64.3 Space Cooling......Page 1968
64.4 Air-Conditioning Equipment......Page 1972
64.5 Room Air Distribution......Page 1978
64.6 Building Air Distribution......Page 1981
65. Air Pollution-Control Technologies......Page 1991
65.1 Sulfur Dioxide Control......Page 1992
65.2 Oxides of Nitrogen-Formation and Control......Page 1995
65.3 Control of Particulate Matter......Page 2000
65.5 Volatile Organic Compounds and Organic Hazardous Air Pollutants......Page 2002
65.6 Metal Hazardous Air Pollutants......Page 2004
65.8 Alternative Pollution-Control Approaches......Page 2005
65.9 Global Climate Change......Page 2006
66.1 Introduction......Page 2010
66.2 Municipal Wastewater Treatment......Page 2011
66.3 Industrial Wastewater and Hazardous Waste Treatment......Page 2014
Part 5. Management, Finance, Quality, Law, and Research......Page 2023
67.1 General Models for the Management Control of Projects......Page 2024
67.2 Systems Dynamic Models and Controlling the Work of Project Teams......Page 2030
67.3 Specific Issues in the Project-Control Structure......Page 2033
67.4 Specific Issues in the Project-Control Process......Page 2041
67.5 A Survey of Computer Software for the Management Control of Projects......Page 2061
68.1 Critical Issues of Managing in Technology-Based Environments......Page 2063
68.2 Motivation and Engineering Performance......Page 2064
68.3 Managing Without Formal Authority......Page 2065
68.4 An Increased Focus on Team Performance......Page 2066
68.5 Characteristics of High Performing Engineering Teams......Page 2067
68.6 Barriers to High Team Performance......Page 2069
68.7 Building Self-Directed Teams......Page 2070
68.8 Recommendations......Page 2072
68.9 A Final Message......Page 2073
69.1 Introduction and Outline......Page 2075
69.3 Balance Sheet......Page 2078
69.4 Profit and Loss Statement......Page 2083
69.5 Cash Flow or Source and Application of Funds......Page 2085
69.6 Evaluating Results and Taking Action......Page 2089
69.7 Financial Tools for the Independent Professional Engineer......Page 2092
69.8 Conclusions......Page 2094
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71.1 Essentials of Financial Analysis......Page 2103
71.2 Investment Decisions......Page 2108
71.3 Evaluation Methods......Page 2112
72.1 What is Total Quality Management?......Page 2118
72.2 Definitions of Quality......Page 2119
72.3 What Are the Benefits for My Company?......Page 2120
72.4 How Will It Change My Role?......Page 2121
72.5 What Are the Tools of Total Quality Management and How Do I Use Them?......Page 2123
72.6 Summary......Page 2135
73.2 Registrations and Certifications......Page 2136
73.3 Quality Awards......Page 2139
74. Safety Engineering......Page 2152
74.1 Introduction......Page 2153
74.2 Government Regulatory Requirements......Page 2154
74.3 System Safety......Page 2156
74.4 Human Factors Engineering/Ergonomics......Page 2161
74.5 Engineering Controls for Machine Tools......Page 2164
74.6 Machine Safeguarding Methods......Page 2166
74.7 Alternatives to Engineering Controls......Page 2167
74.8 Design and Redesign......Page 2173
74.9 Personal Protective Equipment......Page 2174
74.10 Managing the Safety Function......Page 2177
74.11 Safety Training......Page 2183
75.1 The Art of the Engineer......Page 2189
75.2 Professional Liability......Page 2190
75.3 The Laws of Product Liability......Page 2195
75.4 The Nature of Product Defects......Page 2197
75.5 Uncovering Product Defects......Page 2199
75.6 Defenses to Product Liability......Page 2201
75.7 Recalls, Retrofits, and the Continuing Duty to Warn......Page 2203
75.8 Documentation of the Design Process......Page 2204
75.9 A Final Word......Page 2205
76. Patents......Page 2206
76.1 What Does It Mean to Obtain a Patent......Page 2207
76.2 What Can Be Patented and by Whom......Page 2209
76.3 Preparing to Apply for a Patent......Page 2214
76.4 Prosecuting a Pending Patent Application......Page 2219
76.5 Patent protections Available Abroad......Page 2224
77.1 Background and Definitions......Page 2227
77.2 Internet Resources......Page 2229
77.3 Access Options for Electronic Information Resources......Page 2236
78.2 The Primary Literature......Page 2244
78.3 Indexes and Abstracts......Page 2245
78.5 Codes, Specifications, and Standards......Page 2246
78.7 Engineering Societies......Page 2247
78.9 Information Brokers......Page 2248
A......Page 2250
B......Page 2261
C......Page 2270
D......Page 2296
E......Page 2303
F......Page 2312