Mechanical Behavior of Concrete

Title Page......Page 2
Copyright\r......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Foreword......Page 10
PART 1. Instantaneous or Time-Independent Models for Concrete......Page 12
1.1. Introduction......Page 13
1.2.1. Composition and variability of the material......Page 14
1.2.2. Specimen preparation......Page 16
1.2.3. Preservation and curing conditions......Page 19
1.2.4. Size effect......Page 21
1.3.1. Classical extensometry on a concrete specimen......Page 22
1.3.2. Boundary conditions and experimental set-up......Page 27
1.4. Behavior of concrete under uniaxial stress: classical tests......Page 31
1.4.1. Direct uniaxial tension......Page 32
1.4.2. Indirect uniaxial tension......Page 33
1.4.3. Diffuse tension test......Page 36
1.4.5. Uniaxial compression......Page 37
1.5. Concrete under multiaxial stresses......Page 42
1.5.1. Multiaxial stresses with tension......Page 44
1.5.3. Triaxial compression......Page 45
1.6. Conclusions regarding the experimental characterization of the multiaxial behavior of concrete......Page 64
1.7. Bibliography......Page 65
2.1. Introduction......Page 72
2.2.1. Fracture mechanics ? elements for the analysis of cracked areas......Page 74
2.2.2. Discrete approach to cracking......Page 75
2.2.3. Hillerborg’s fictitious crack model......Page 78
2.3.1. Damage mechanics......Page 80
2.3.2. Plasticity theory......Page 94
2.4. Conclusion......Page 115
2.5. Bibliography......Page 124
3.1. Introduction......Page 129
3.2.1. Basics of the weakest link theory......Page 132
3.2.2. Generalized probabilistic size effect law......Page 135
3.3. Deterministic size effect......Page 138
3.4. Fractality and size effect......Page 142
3.5.1. Description of size effect according to the non-local damage model......Page 149
3.5.2. Calibration of internal length from size effect test data......Page 150
3.6. Conclusions......Page 151
3.8. Bibliography......Page 153
PART 2. Concrete Under Cyclic and Dynamic Loading......Page 156
4.1. Characterization tests of the cyclic behavior......Page 157
4.1.1. Uniaxial cyclic behavior......Page 158
4.1.2. Cyclic tests on structural elements......Page 162
4.1.3. Conclusions......Page 168
4.2. Modeling the reinforced concrete cyclic behavior......Page 169
4.2.1. Thermodynamic-based model with crack closure......Page 170
4.2.2. Distributed cracking models......Page 172
4.2.3. Microplane model......Page 174
4.3.1. Characteristics of the cyclic behavior and their influence......Page 176
4.3.2. Influence of the loading rate......Page 185
4.4. Conclusions......Page 186
4.5. Bibliography......Page 187
5.1. Introduction......Page 190
5.2.1. Nature of the phenomenon......Page 191
5.2.2. Fatigue strength and number of cycles to failure......Page 193
5.2.3. Strains and damage......Page 196
5.3.1. Aas-Jakobsen’s formula......Page 198
5.3.2. S-N-R curves......Page 199
5.3.4. Haigh’s diagram......Page 200
5.3.5. Goodman-Smith’s diagram......Page 201
5.4.1. Effect of the frequency and the cycle shape......Page 202
5.4.2. Fatigue under alternate uniaxial loading......Page 205
5.5. Fatigue under multiaxial loading......Page 207
5.5.1. Fatigue in the presence of passive confinement......Page 208
5.5.2. Fatigue under biaxial loading......Page 210
5.6. Fatigue under high-level cyclic loading......Page 212
5.6.1. General principles for the analysis......Page 214
5.6.2. Modified Aas-Jakobsen’s formula......Page 216
5.6.3. Formulas based upon the theories of damage......Page 217
5.7.1. Rule of linear accumulation......Page 219
5.7.2. Rule of non-linear accumulation......Page 221
5.7.3. Fatigue under random loading......Page 222
5.8. Bibliography......Page 224
6.2. Experimental behavior......Page 229
6.2.1. Dynamic behavior in uniaxial compression......Page 230
6.2.2. Dynamic behavior in uniaxial tension......Page 232
6.2.3. Dynamic behavior in multiaxial loading......Page 238
6.3.1. Modeling of dynamic failure of concrete using a viscoelastic viscoplastic damage continuum model [PED 08]......Page 244
6.3.2. A damage model for the dynamic fragmentation of brittle solids [DEN 00]......Page 247
6.3.3. Anisotropic three-dimensional delay-damage model [GAT 08]......Page 251
6.3.4. Damage coupled to plasticity for high strain rate dynamics [GAT 02]......Page 256
6.4. Bibliography......Page 265
PART 3. Time-Dependent Response of Concrete......Page 269
7.2. Influence of the composition of concrete......Page 270
7.2.1. Characteristics related to the temperature of concrete......Page 271
7.2.2. Mechanical characteristics......Page 281
7.3.1. Consequences of thermal boundary conditions......Page 285
7.3.2. Consequences of hygrometric boundary conditions......Page 288
7.3.3. Consequences of mechanical boundary conditions......Page 291
7.5. Bibliography......Page 293
8.2.1. Macroscopic modeling of hydration......Page 300
8.2.2. Identification of the hydration kinetics......Page 309
8.2.3. Identification of the normalized affinity......Page 310
8.3. Data collection and experimental methods......Page 312
8.3.1. Degree of hydration......Page 313
8.3.2. Volume changes......Page 314
8.3.3. Mechanical behavior......Page 324
8.5. Bibliography......Page 334
9.1. Introduction......Page 342
9.2. Definitions and mechanisms......Page 343
9.2.1. Microstructure of cement paste......Page 344
9.2.2. Shrinkage......Page 345
9.2.3. Creep......Page 351
9.3. Experimental approach......Page 357
9.3.1. Tests......Page 358
9.3.2. Testing equipment......Page 360
9.3.3. Data processing......Page 362
9.4. Delayed response modeling......Page 364
9.4.1. Modeling drying......Page 365
9.4.2. Modeling of the desiccation shrinkage......Page 369
9.4.3. Creep modeling......Page 374
9.4.4. Conclusion......Page 385
9.5.1. Goals and limitations of codified models......Page 386
9.5.2. RILEM recommendations on codified models characteristics......Page 387
9.5.3. Comparison of the performance of the principal models currently proposed in the case of different codes in Europe and in the United States......Page 389
9.7. Bibliography......Page 403
Closing Remarks: New Concretes, New Techniques, and Future Models......Page 411
List of Authors......Page 416
Index......Page 418