Mechanical and electrical systems in architecture, engineering, and construction (5th Edition)

Cover......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 10
PREFACE......Page 5
PROLOGUE......Page 6
  Temperature......Page 20
  Specific Heat......Page 21
  Specific Heat Capacity......Page 22
  Power......Page 23
  Air......Page 24
  Psychrometric Variables......Page 25
  Psychrometric Chart......Page 26
  Using the Psychrometric Chart......Page 28
  Body Temperature......Page 31
  Conditions of Thermal Comfort......Page 32
  Environmental Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort......Page 33
  Occupant-Related Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort......Page 36
  Measuring Temperature and Relative Humidity......Page 37
  The Heat Index......Page 39
  Wet Bulb Globe Temperature......Page 40
  Overall Thermal Comfort in a Space......Page 41
 Study Questions......Page 42
 2.2 Conduction......Page 46
  Forced Convection......Page 48
  Ultraviolet Radiation......Page 49
  Infrared Radiation......Page 50
  Thermal Conductivity, Conductance, and Resistance......Page 53
  Thermal Resistance of Air Films and Air Spaces......Page 59
  Overall Coefficient of Heat Transmission......Page 60
 2.6 Thermal Bridging......Page 63
 2.7 Transmission Heat Loss in Parallel Construction Assemblies......Page 66
 2.8 Temperature Gradient in Construction Assemblies......Page 67
 Study Questions......Page 68
  Embodied Energy......Page 72
  Heating/Cooling Load Classifications......Page 73
  Building Mass Classifications......Page 75
  Characteristics of Thermal Insulation......Page 76
  Types of Thermal Insulation......Page 78
  Insulating Techniques......Page 79
  Mass and Effective Thermal Resistance......Page 82
  Performance Measures......Page 85
  Types of Window Glazings......Page 86
  Blower Door Testing......Page 88
  Indoor Air Quality......Page 89
  Biological Contaminants......Page 90
  Carbon Dioxide......Page 91
  Ozone......Page 92
  Radon......Page 93
  Asbestos......Page 94
  Methods for Improving IAQ......Page 95
  Basic Types......Page 96
  Moisture Problems in Buildings......Page 97
  Types of Moisture Problems......Page 99
  Moisture Transmission Rate......Page 100
  Moisture Control......Page 101
  Alternative Approaches to Reducing Water Vapor Infiltration......Page 106
 Study Questions......Page 107
  Building Heat Load......Page 110
  Transmission Heat Loss in Construction Assemblies Below Grade......Page 111
  Transmission Heat Loss in Floors on Grade......Page 113
  Infiltration Heat Loss......Page 114
 4.4 Heat Loss from Ventilation......Page 115
  Design Conditions......Page 116
  General Procedure......Page 118
  Energy Estimation Methods......Page 121
  Degree-Days......Page 122
  Monthly and Seasonal Calculations......Page 123
  Approximating Heating Fuel Costs......Page 124
  Limitations......Page 125
 Study Questions......Page 126
  Introduction......Page 146
  General Approach......Page 147
  Design Conditions......Page 148
  Cooling Load from Transmission through Exterior Construction Assemblies......Page 149
  Cooling Load from Glass/Windows......Page 151
  Sensible Cooling Load from Infiltration/Ventilation......Page 153
  Sensible Cooling Load from Internal Heat Gains......Page 154
  Applying the Total Cooling Load......Page 155
  General Procedure for Computing Residential Cooling Loads......Page 156
  Computing the Total Cooling Load......Page 159
  Simplified Estimation Method for Cooling......Page 160
  Cooling Load Computations......Page 162
 Study Questions......Page 168
  History of Space Heating......Page 190
  Modern HVAC Systems......Page 191
  Types of Boilers......Page 192
  Boiler Ratings......Page 193
  Ancillary Boiler Equipment......Page 194
  Use of Multiple Small Boilers......Page 195
  Warm-Air Furnaces......Page 197
  Individual/Room Space Heaters......Page 201
  Infrared Heaters......Page 202
  Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle......Page 203
  Central Air Conditioners......Page 207
  Packaged-Terminal Air-Conditioning Unit......Page 209
  Individual/Room Air Conditioners......Page 210
  Chillers......Page 211
  Cooling Towers......Page 214
  Evaporative Coolers......Page 217
  Cool Thermal Storage......Page 219
  Natural Ventilation......Page 221
  Air Humidification......Page 222
  Commercial Humidification Systems......Page 223
  Desiccant Dehumidification Systems......Page 224
  Gas......Page 225
  Combustion Air Requirements......Page 226
  District Heating......Page 227
  Heat Recovery Ventilation......Page 228
 Study Questions......Page 229
  Ductwork......Page 232
  Sealants and Tape......Page 235
  Dampers......Page 236
  Supply Outlets......Page 237
  Fans......Page 238
  Heating/Cooling Coils......Page 241
  Air Cleaners and Filters......Page 242
  Air-Handling Units......Page 243
  Terminal Boxes......Page 244
  Piping, Fittings, Valves, and Pumps......Page 245
  Radiators......Page 246
  Fan-Coil Units......Page 247
  Unit Ventilators......Page 248
  Chilled Beams......Page 249
 7.4 Thermal Zoning......Page 250
  Thermostatic Controls......Page 251
  Building Energy Management Systems......Page 253
  Classification of HVAC Distribution Systems......Page 255
  Air Distribution System Arrangements......Page 256
  Piping Arrangements......Page 259
  Water-Loop Heat Pump System......Page 261
  Mechanical Ventilation......Page 262
  Economizers......Page 263
  Compensation for Combustion Equipment......Page 264
  Codes......Page 266
  HVAC Construction Drawings......Page 267
 Study Questions......Page 270
  Air Pressure......Page 272
  Large All-Air Systems......Page 273
  Small All-Air Systems......Page 274
  Ducts......Page 278
  Duct Layout......Page 279
  Basic Systems......Page 280
  Fans......Page 281
  Effect of Duct Shape......Page 282
  Duct Velocities......Page 283
  Supply Registers and Diffusers......Page 284
  Straight Duct Pressure Losses......Page 286
  Sizing Ductwork......Page 287
 8.7 Sizing the Equipment......Page 289
 8.8 Duct Design Example (Heating)......Page 291
 8.9 Duct Design Example (Cooling)......Page 303
 8.11 Heat Pumps......Page 316
 8.12 Evaporative (Swamp) Cooler Design......Page 317
  Sizing an Evaporative Cooler......Page 318
 Study Questions......Page 330
  Piping Arrangements......Page 334
  Thermostat......Page 337
  Air Elimination Devices......Page 338
  Heat Distribution Device......Page 339
  Device Ratings......Page 341
 9.4 Basic Distribution System Design......Page 342
 9.5 Boiler Selection......Page 348
 9.6 Installed and Existing Systems......Page 350
 9.7 System Installation......Page 351
 Study Questions......Page 354
  Unit Heaters......Page 356
  System Combinations......Page 357
 10.2 Baseboard System Design......Page 358
 10.4 Resistance Cable System Design......Page 359
 10.5 Resistance Cable Design Example......Page 362
 10.7 Radiant Panel Design Example......Page 363
 10.8 System Installation......Page 364
 Study Questions......Page 365
  Earth’s Rotation and Seasonal Tilt......Page 368
  Solar Altitude and Azimuth......Page 369
  Types of Solar Radiation......Page 370
  Behavior of Solar Radiation......Page 372
  Solar Collectors......Page 374
  Types of Active Heating Systems......Page 378
  Introduction......Page 382
  Fundamental Passive Solar Space Heating Systems......Page 383
  Passive Downdraft Evaporative Cooling Tower......Page 399
 11.6 A Model Solar Building......Page 400
 Study Questions......Page 402
  Tidbits from Plumbing History......Page 412
  Fundamental Units......Page 413
  Water Sources......Page 417
  Water Treatment......Page 419
  Water Conservation......Page 421
  Community Systems......Page 422
  Well Systems......Page 423
 12.5 Piping Materials......Page 428
  Piping Materials......Page 429
  Pipe Pressure Rating......Page 439
  Valves......Page 440
  Water Closets......Page 443
  Urinals......Page 444
  Waterless Urinals......Page 445
  Bathtubs......Page 446
  Showers......Page 447
  Lavatories......Page 448
  Sinks......Page 449
  Other Fixtures......Page 450
  Basic Design Considerations for Restrooms......Page 451
  Minimum Number of Fixtures......Page 452
  Building Codes......Page 453
 Study Questions......Page 454
  General Water Distribution System Layout......Page 460
  Upfeed and Downfeed Distribution......Page 466
  Water Pressure......Page 467
  Pressure Losses from Friction......Page 468
  Cross-Connections......Page 473
  Water Hammer......Page 474
  Thermal Expansion......Page 475
  Volume Change with Temperature Change......Page 476
  Flow Rates......Page 478
  Water Demand......Page 479
  Fixture Units......Page 480
  Cold Water......Page 487
  Tempered Water......Page 488
  Types of Water Heaters......Page 489
  Energy Efficiency......Page 494
  Hot Water Recirculating Systems......Page 495
  Sizing Storage Tank Water Heaters......Page 496
  Sizing Instantaneous Water Heaters......Page 497
  Sizing a Large Multifamily Water Heating System......Page 498
  Demand Load Example......Page 502
  Upfeed System Design Example......Page 503
  Downfeed System Design Example......Page 507
  Types of Pumps......Page 509
  Pump Performance......Page 510
  Pump Affinity Laws......Page 512
  Pump Performance Curves......Page 513
  Using Pump Performance Curves......Page 514
  Hard Water......Page 515
  Water Softeners......Page 516
 Study Questions......Page 518
  Conventional Sanitary Drainage and Vent System......Page 520
  Design Approach......Page 529
 14.3 System Installation......Page 533
 14.4 Sanitary Drainage and Vent System Design Example......Page 534
 Study Questions......Page 543
  Wastewater......Page 546
  Wastewater Constituents......Page 547
  Other Important Wastewater Characteristics......Page 548
  Sewage Treatment and Disposal......Page 549
  Primary Treatment Equipment......Page 550
  Secondary Treatment and Disposal Equipment......Page 553
  General Regulations......Page 556
  Soil Percolation Test......Page 557
  Design of a Septic Tank/Absorption Field......Page 560
  Design of a Seepage Pit......Page 563
  Installation......Page 565
  Gray Water Reuse......Page 566
  Gray Water Treatment Systems......Page 567
  Gray Water Reuse Regulations......Page 568
 15.8 Alternative Wastewater Treatment Systems......Page 569
 Study Questions......Page 570
  Private Storm Sewers......Page 572
  Combined Community Sewers......Page 573
 16.3 Roof Drainage Design......Page 574
 16.5 Subsurface Drainage Systems......Page 578
  Roof Drainage Installation Considerations......Page 580
  Sizing Roof Gutters and Downspouts......Page 581
  Sizing the Horizontal Storm Drain......Page 582
  Sizing a Combined Sewer......Page 583
 Study Questions......Page 585
  The History of Electricity......Page 592
  The Phenomenon of Electricity......Page 593
  Producing Current Flow......Page 595
  Ohm’s Law......Page 596
  The Basic Electrical Circuit......Page 597
  Circuiting Configurations......Page 598
  Series and Parallel Circuits......Page 599
 17.5 The Relationship between Magnetism and Electrical Current......Page 600
  Alternating Current......Page 601
  Transformers......Page 604
  Power Factor......Page 605
 17.9 Cost of Electrical Energy and Power......Page 607
  Power “Demand” Charge......Page 608
  Demand Limiting and Load Shedding......Page 610
 Study Questions......Page 611
 18.1 Power Generation and Transmission......Page 614
  Service Entrance......Page 615
  Panelboards......Page 616
  Building Transformers......Page 617
 18.3 Overcurrent Protection: Fuses and Circuit Breakers......Page 620
  Fuses......Page 621
  OCP Device Ratings......Page 622
  Outlets, Receptacles, and Plugs......Page 623
  Switches......Page 624
  Wire......Page 630
  Conductor Material......Page 632
  Cable......Page 633
  Conductor Power Loss......Page 644
  Conductor Ampacity......Page 645
  Electrical Boxes......Page 646
  Conduit and Other Raceways......Page 647
  Wireways......Page 648
 18.7 Electric Motors......Page 649
  Motor Ratings......Page 650
  Motor Controllers......Page 651
  Ground Fault Interruption......Page 652
  Arc Fault Protection......Page 653
  Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields......Page 654
  Surge Protection......Page 656
  Equipment for Hazardous Locations......Page 657
 Study Questions......Page 658
  Manufacturing Standards......Page 662
 19.2 Electrical Construction Drawings......Page 663
  Supply Voltages......Page 665
  Circuit Wiring......Page 666
  Common Building System Voltages......Page 667
 19.4 Grounded and Ungrounded Conductors......Page 671
  Load Balancing......Page 672
  Grounding......Page 673
  Grounding Requirements......Page 674
  Commercial/Industrial Systems......Page 675
  Conductor Ampacity Requirements......Page 682
  Conductor Voltage Drop Requirements......Page 684
  Cable and Raceway Requirements......Page 686
  Box/Enclosure Requirements......Page 688
  Split Wiring Receptacles......Page 690
  Branch Circuit Rating and Loads......Page 691
  Branch Circuit Conductor Size......Page 699
  Overcurrent Protection (Circuit Breakers and Fuses) Requirements......Page 700
  Switchboard and Panelboard Requirements......Page 701
  Transformer Requirements......Page 702
  Ground Fault Circuit Protection Requirements......Page 704
  Basic Design Considerations......Page 705
  Design Guidelines for Common Spaces......Page 706
  Circuit Design......Page 708
  Load Computations......Page 712
 Study Questions......Page 718
  Historical Perspective......Page 720
  The Eye......Page 721
  Electromagnetic Radiation......Page 722
  Behavior of Light......Page 723
  Color Perception......Page 724
  Light Output......Page 725
  Correlated Color Temperature......Page 727
  Lamp Life......Page 728
  Incandescent Lamps......Page 730
  Gaseous Discharge Lamps......Page 732
  Fluorescent Lamps......Page 733
  Fluorescent Luminaire Efficacy......Page 737
  High-Intensity Discharge Lamps......Page 738
  Blended Lamps......Page 739
  Solid-State Lighting......Page 740
  Architectural Lighting......Page 742
  Traditional Lighting Installations......Page 743
  Remote-Source Lighting Installations......Page 749
  Distribution of Light......Page 750
  Glare Control......Page 751
  Illuminance......Page 752
  Recommended Illuminance......Page 753
  Computations for Illuminance from a Single Point Source......Page 754
  Calculating Average Illuminance Levels......Page 756
  Spacing Criterion......Page 763
  Power Density and Power Allowance......Page 764
  Benefits of Energy-Efficient Lighting......Page 765
  Architectural Lighting Design......Page 766
 20.13 Lighting System Controls......Page 768
  Fundamental Principles......Page 769
  Glazings......Page 770
  Daylighting Strategies......Page 771
  How Much Area......Page 774
 Study Questions......Page 775
  Noteworthy Building Fire Catastrophes......Page 778
  Fire......Page 779
  Performance of Materials in a Fire......Page 780
  Building Construction Types......Page 781
  Fire-Resistive Construction......Page 783
  Fire Doors and Windows......Page 784
  Fire and Smoke Ratings......Page 785
  Active Fire Protection......Page 788
  Automatic Fire Protection Systems......Page 789
  Influence on Building Design......Page 797
  Automatic Sprinkler Systems in Residences......Page 798
  Portable Fire Extinguishers......Page 799
  Fire Alarm Systems......Page 800
  Smoke and Heat Detectors......Page 801
  Fire Detection and Alarm Systems......Page 803
 21.5 Building Security......Page 805
 Study Questions......Page 810
  Historical Perspective......Page 812
  Telecommunication Networks......Page 813
  Transmission Media......Page 815
  Telecommunication Cabling and Pathways......Page 819
  Structured Cabling Systems......Page 820
  Wiring System Components......Page 825
 Study Questions......Page 826
  Sound......Page 828
  Behavior of Sound......Page 829
  Reverberant Sound......Page 831
  Reverberation Time......Page 832
  Optimum Reverberation Times......Page 833
  Transmission/Isolation Ratings......Page 834
  Impact Ratings......Page 839
  Equipment Noise......Page 840
  Surrounding Environment......Page 842
  Arrangement and Layout of Rooms......Page 843
  Shape of Rooms......Page 844
  Isolation of Impact......Page 845
  Isolation of Sound......Page 846
  Active Noise Control......Page 849
 Study Questions......Page 850
  Elevator Technologies......Page 852
  Basic Components of an Elevator System......Page 855
  Elevator Design Criteria......Page 856
 24.2 Escalators......Page 858
  Basic Components of an Escalator System......Page 859
  Escalator Arrangement......Page 861
  Lifts......Page 864
  Material-Handling Equipment......Page 865
 Study Questions......Page 866
  Sustainable Buildings......Page 868
  Material in this Chapter......Page 869
 25.2 Combined Heat and Power (Cogeneration) Systems......Page 870
  Building CHP Systems......Page 871
  Geothermal Heat Pump Systems......Page 872
  Types of GHP Ground Loops......Page 874
  Introduction......Page 877
  Types of Biomass Fuels......Page 878
  Types of Biomass Technologies......Page 879
  Building Heating with Biomass......Page 880
  PV Cells......Page 881
  PV Cell Configurations......Page 883
  Photovoltaic Systems......Page 884
  Inverters......Page 885
  Inverter Configuration......Page 886
  Battery Ratings......Page 887
  PV System Sizing......Page 888
  Wind Speed......Page 891
  Wind Direction......Page 893
  Fluctuating Wind Speed and Direction......Page 894
  Wind Energy Systems......Page 896
  Wind Turbine Power......Page 903
  Wind System Sizing......Page 905
  Basic Systems......Page 908
  Run-of-the-River Systems......Page 909
  Rainwater Harvesting Systems......Page 913
  Design of a Rainwater Harvesting System......Page 914
 Study Questions......Page 931
APPENDIX A......Page 934
APPENDIX B......Page 935
APPENDIX C......Page 936
APPENDIX D......Page 939
APPENDIX E......Page 942
 A......Page 943
 B......Page 944
 C......Page 945
 D......Page 946
 E......Page 947
 F......Page 948
 H......Page 949
 I......Page 951
 M......Page 952
 P......Page 953
 Q......Page 954
 S......Page 955
 T......Page 957
 W......Page 959
 Z......Page 961