Measuring Colour, Fourth Edition

Measuring Colour......Page 3
Contents......Page 9
About the Authors......Page 17
Series Preface......Page 19
Preface......Page 21
Acknowledgements......Page 23
1.2 The spectrum......Page 25
1.3 Construction of the eye......Page 27
1.4 The retinal receptors......Page 28
1.5 Spectral sensitivities of the retinal receptors......Page 29
1.6 Visual signal transmission......Page 32
1.7 Basic perceptual attributes of colour......Page 33
1.8 Colour constancy......Page 34
1.9 Relative perceptual attributes of colours......Page 35
1.10 Defective colour vision......Page 37
1.11 Colour pseudo-stereopsis......Page 39
References......Page 40
General References......Page 41
2.2 Scotopic spectral luminous efficiency......Page 43
2.3 Photopic spectral luminous efficiency......Page 45
2.4 Colour-matching functions......Page 50
2.5 Transformation from R, G, B to X, Y, Z......Page 56
2.6 CIE colour-matching functions......Page 57
2.7 Metamerism......Page 62
2.8 Spectral luminous efficiency functions for photopic vision......Page 63
General References......Page 64
3.2 The Y tristimulus value......Page 65
3.3 Chromaticity......Page 66
3.4 Dominant wavelength and excitation purity......Page 68
3.5 Colour mixtures on chromaticity diagrams......Page 70
3.6 Uniform chromaticity diagrams......Page 72
3.7 CIE 1976 hue-angle and saturation......Page 75
3.8 CIE 1976 lightness, L.......Page 76
3.9 Uniform colour spaces......Page 77
3.10 CIE 1976 colour difference formulae......Page 81
3.11 CMC, CIE94, and CIEDE2000 color difference formulae......Page 85
3.13 Summary of measures and their perceptual correlates......Page 88
3.14 Allowing for chromatic adaptation......Page 89
3.15 The evaluation of whiteness......Page 90
3.17 Identifying stimuli of equal brightness......Page 91
3.18 CIEDE2000 worked example......Page 93
References......Page 95
General References......Page 96
4.1 Introduction......Page 97
4.3 Gas discharges......Page 98
4.4 Sodium lamps......Page 99
4.5 Mercury lamps......Page 100
4.6 Fluorescent lamps......Page 102
4.7 Xenon lamps......Page 105
4.8 Incandescent light sources......Page 106
4.9 Tungsten lamps......Page 110
4.10 Tungsten halogen lamps......Page 111
4.11 Light emitting diodes......Page 112
4.12 Daylight......Page 113
4.14 CIE standard illuminant A......Page 115
4.15 CIE illuminants B and C......Page 116
4.16 CIE sources......Page 117
4.18 CIE indoor daylight......Page 118
4.19 Comparison of commonly used sources......Page 120
General References......Page 121
5.2 Radiometry and photometry......Page 123
5.4 Tele-spectroradiometry......Page 124
5.6 Spectrophotometry of non-self-luminous colours......Page 125
5.7 Reference whites and working standards......Page 126
5.8 Geometries of illumination and viewing......Page 127
5.9 CIE Geometries of illumination and measurement......Page 128
5.10 Spectroradiometers and spectrophotometers......Page 132
5.11 Choice of illuminant......Page 134
5.12 Calculation of tristimulus values from spectral data......Page 135
5.13 Colorimeters using filtered photo-detectors......Page 138
General References......Page 139
6.2 The cause of metamerism......Page 141
6.3 The definition of metamerism......Page 142
6.4 Examples of metamerism in practice......Page 143
6.5 Degree of metamerism......Page 145
6.7 Index of metamerism for change of observer......Page 146
6.9 Colour matches and geometry of illumination and measurement......Page 148
6.10 Correcting for inequalities of tristimulus values......Page 149
6.11 Terms used in connection with metamerism......Page 150
6.12 Colour inconstancy......Page 151
6.13 Chromatic adaptation transforms......Page 153
6.14 The Von Kries transform......Page 154
6.15 The CAT02 transform.......Page 155
6.16 A colour inconstancy index......Page 158
6.17 Worked examples......Page 159
References......Page 165
7.1 Introduction......Page 167
7.2 The meaning of colour rendering......Page 168
7.3 CIE colour rendering indices......Page 169
7.4 Spectral band methods......Page 171
7.5 Other methods for assessing the colour rendering of light sources......Page 174
7.6 Comparison of commonly used sources......Page 175
References......Page 176
General References......Page 178
8.2 Variables......Page 179
8.3 Optimal colours......Page 181
8.4 The Munsell System......Page 183
8.5 The Munsell Book of Color......Page 188
8.6 Unique hues and colour opponency......Page 192
8.7 The Natural Colour System (NCS)......Page 194
8.8 Natural Colour System Atlas......Page 196
8.9 The DIN System......Page 203
8.10 The Coloroid System......Page 206
8.11 The Optical Society of America (OSA) System......Page 207
8.12 The Hunter Lab System......Page 211
8.13 The Tintometer......Page 214
8.15 The RAL System......Page 215
8.17 Disadvantages of colour order systems......Page 216
References......Page 218
General References......Page 219
9.1 Introduction......Page 221
9.2 Sample preparation......Page 222
9.4 Geometry of illumination and measurement......Page 223
9.6 Polarisation......Page 224
9.9 Zero level and linearity......Page 226
9.11 Bandwidth......Page 227
9.12 Correcting for errors in the spectral data......Page 228
9.13 Calculations......Page 231
9.14 Precautions to be taken in practice......Page 238
References......Page 239
10.2 Terminology......Page 243
10.3 Use of double monochromators......Page 244
10.4 Illumination with white light......Page 245
10.5 Correcting for differences between an actual and the desired source......Page 246
10.6 Two-monochromator method......Page 248
10.7 Two-mode method......Page 249
10.9 Luminescence-weakening method......Page 250
10.10 Practical considerations......Page 251
References......Page 254
11.2 Choice and specification of matching stimuli......Page 255
11.4 Chromaticity diagrams using r and g......Page 257
11.5 Colour-matching functions in RGB systems......Page 258
11.6 Derivation of XYZ from RGB tristimulus values......Page 259
11.7 Using television and computer displays......Page 263
General Reference......Page 264
12.1 Introduction......Page 265
12.2 Camera characterisation......Page 266
12.4 Characterisation methods......Page 268
12.5 Practical considerations in digital camera characterisation......Page 273
12.6 Practical example......Page 275
12.7 Discussion......Page 278
References......Page 279
General References......Page 280
13.2 Non-diffusing colorants in a transmitting layer......Page 281
13.3 Non-diffusing colorants in a layer in optical contact with a diffusing surface......Page 283
13.4 Layers containing colorants which diffuse and absorb light......Page 286
13.5 The use of multi-spectral analysis to reduce metamerism in art restoration......Page 288
General References......Page 289
14.2 Measuring optical properties......Page 291
14.3 Colour......Page 292
14.4 Gloss......Page 295
14.5 Translucency......Page 303
14.6 Surface texture......Page 305
References......Page 313
15.1 Introduction......Page 317
15.3 Chromatic adaptation in CIECAM02......Page 318
15.4 Spectral sensitivities of the cones in CIECAM02......Page 319
15.6 Luminance adaptation in CIECAM02......Page 321
15.7 Criteria for achromacy and for constant hue in CIECAM02......Page 323
15.8 Effects of luminance adaptation in CIECAM02......Page 324
15.10 Redness-greenness, a, and yellowness-blueness, b, in CIECAM02......Page 327
15.12 Eccentricity factor, e, in CIECAM02......Page 329
15.13 Hue quadrature, H, and hue composition, Hc, in CIECAM02......Page 330
15.15 Correlate of lightness, J, in CIECAM02......Page 332
15.16 Correlate of brightness, Q, in CIECAM02......Page 333
15.17 Correlate of chroma, C, in CIECAM02......Page 334
15.20 Comparison of CIECAM02 with the natural colour system......Page 335
15.21 Testing model CIECAM02......Page 336
15.22 Filtration of projected slides and CIECAM02......Page 338
15.24 Uniform colour space based on CIECAM02......Page 339
15.26 Steps for using the CIECAM02 model......Page 340
15.27 Steps for using the CIECAM02 model in reverse mode......Page 343
15.28 Worked example for the model CIECAM02......Page 345
References......Page 346
16.3 Room colours......Page 349
16.4 A model for predicting room colours......Page 350
16.5 Steps in using the model for predicting room colours......Page 351
References......Page 352
17.1 Introduction......Page 353
17.2 A model for predicting unrelated colours......Page 354
17.3 Input data required for the model......Page 355
17.4 Steps in using the model for unrelated colours......Page 356
17.5 Worked example in the model for predicting unrelated colours......Page 357
References......Page 358
Appendices......Page 359
A1.2 Physical detectors......Page 361
A1.3 Photometric units and terms......Page 362
A1.5 Radiation sources......Page 364
A1.6 Terms for measures of reflection and transmission......Page 365
A1.8 Mesopic photometry......Page 367
Reference......Page 368
Appendix 2 Spectral Luminous Efficiency Functions......Page 369
Appendix 3 CIE Colour-Matching Functions......Page 371
Appendix 4 CIE Spectral Chromaticity Co-Ordinates......Page 375
A5.2 CIE illuminants......Page 379
A5.3 Representative fluorescent lamps......Page 383
A5.4 Planckian radiators......Page 392
A5.5 Gas discharge lamps......Page 395
A5.6 Method of calculating D illuminant distributions......Page 398
A6.2 CIELUV, CIELAB, and U*V*W* relationships......Page 403
A7.1 Spectral radiance factors of test colours......Page 407
A7.2 Worked example of the CIE colour rendering indices......Page 412
Appendix 8 Illuminant-Observer Weights for Calculating Tristimulus Values......Page 417
Appendix 9 Glossary of Terms......Page 455
Reference......Page 477
Index......Page 479