Measurement of Joint Motion: A Guide to Goniometry, Fourth Edition

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright
......Page 4
Preface......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 9
Reviewers......Page 10
Contents......Page 11
Part 1: Introduction To Goniometry......Page 17
Goiniometry......Page 19
Arthrokinematics......Page 20
Planes and Axes......Page 21
Range of Motion......Page 22
Passive Range of Motion......Page 24
Hypomobility......Page 25
Hypermobility......Page 27
Factors Affecting Range of Motion......Page 28
Muscle Length Testing......Page 29
Positioning......Page 35
Stabilization......Page 36
Universal Goniometer......Page 37
Exercise 1: determining the End of Range of Motion and End-Feel......Page 38
Gravity-Dependent Goniometers (Inclinometers)......Page 41
Visual Estimation......Page 42
Alignment......Page 43
Exercise 3: Goniometer Alignment for Elbow Flexion......Page 46
Recording......Page 47
Pictorial Charts......Page 48
Sagittal–Frontal–Transverse–Rotation Method......Page 49
Procedures......Page 50
Testing Procedure......Page 51
Exercise 4: Explanation of Goniometric Testing Procedure......Page 52
Exercise 5: Testing Procedure for Goiniometric Evaluation of Elbow Flexion ROM......Page 53
Criterion-Related Validity......Page 55
Construct Validity......Page 56
Summary of Goniometric Reliability Studies......Page 57
Statistical Methods of Evaluating Measurement Reliability......Page 59
Exercises to Evaluate Reliability......Page 63
Exercise 6: Intratester Reliability......Page 64
Exercise 7: Intertester Reliability......Page 66
Part 2: Upper-extremity Testing......Page 71
Glenohumeral Joint......Page 73
Acromioclavicular Joint......Page 74
Scapulothoracic Joint......Page 75
Landmarks for Testing Procedure......Page 76
Flexion......Page 78
Extension......Page 82
Abduction......Page 86
Medial (Internal) Rotation......Page 90
Lateral (External) Rotation......Page 94
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors......Page 98
Functional Range of Motion......Page 101
Reliability and Validity......Page 102
Humeroulnar and Humeroradial Joints......Page 107
Superior and Inferior Radioulnar Joints......Page 108
Landmarks for Testing Procedures......Page 110
Elbow Flexion......Page 112
Forearm Pronation......Page 114
Forearm Supination......Page 116
Biceps Brachii......Page 118
Triceps Brachii......Page 120
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors......Page 122
Functional Range of Motion......Page 124
Reliability......Page 126
Validity......Page 128
Radiocarpal and Midcarpal Joints......Page 131
Landmarks for Testing Procedures......Page 133
Flexion......Page 134
Extension......Page 136
Radial Deviation......Page 138
Ulnar Deviation......Page 140
Flexor Digitorum Profundus And Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle Length......Page 142
Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Indicis, And Extensor Digiti Minimi Muscle Length......Page 146
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors......Page 150
Functional Range of Motion......Page 153
Reliability......Page 155
Validity......Page 156
Fingers: Metacarpophalangeal Joints......Page 159
Thumb: Carpometacarpal Joint......Page 160
Thumb: Interphalangeal Joint......Page 161
Landmarks for Testing Procedures......Page 163
Metacarpophalangeal Flexion......Page 164
Metacarpophalangeal Extension......Page 166
Metacarpophalangeal Abduction......Page 169
Proximal Interphalangeal Flexion......Page 171
Proximal Interphalangeal Extension......Page 173
Distal Interphalangeal Flexion......Page 174
Distal Interphalangeal Extension......Page 176
Composite Flexion of the MCP, PIP, and DIP Joints......Page 177
Landmarks for Testing Procedures......Page 178
Carpometacarpal Flexion......Page 180
Carpometacarpal Extension......Page 183
Carpometacarpal Abduction......Page 186
Carpometacarpal Opposition......Page 188
Metacarpophalangeal Flexion......Page 192
Metacarpophalangeal Extension......Page 194
Interphalangeal Flexion......Page 195
Interphalangeal Extension......Page 197
Lumbricals, Palmar Interossei, and Dorsal Interossei......Page 198
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors......Page 202
Functional Range of Motion......Page 205
Reliability......Page 206
Validity......Page 207
Part 3: Lower-Extremity Testing......Page 211
Iliofemoral Joint......Page 213
Landmarks for Testing Procedures......Page 214
Flexion......Page 216
Extension......Page 218
Abduction......Page 220
Adduction......Page 222
Medial (Internal) Rotation......Page 224
Lateral (External) Rotation......Page 226
Hip Flexors: Thomas Test......Page 228
The Hamstrings: Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, And Biceps Femoris: Straight Leg Raising Test......Page 234
Tensor Fascia Lata And Iliotibial Band: Ober Test......Page 240
Tensor Fascia Lata And Iliotibial Band: Modified Ober Test......Page 244
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors......Page 245
Functional Range of Motion......Page 250
Reliability and Validity......Page 251
Tibiofemoral and Patellofemoral Joints......Page 257
Landmarks for Testing Procedures......Page 259
Flexion......Page 260
Rectus Femoris: Ely Test......Page 262
Hamstring Muscles: Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, and Biceps Femoris: Distal Hamstring Length Test or Popliteal Angle Test......Page 266
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors......Page 270
Functional Range of Motion......Page 272
Reliability and Validity......Page 274
Subtalar Joint......Page 279
Transverse Tarsal (Midtarsal) Joint......Page 281
Tarsometatarsal Joints......Page 282
Metatarsophalangeal Joints......Page 283
Interphalangeal Joints......Page 284
Landmarks for Testing Procedures: Talocrural Joint......Page 285
Dorsiflexion: Talocrural Joint......Page 286
Plantarflexion: Talocrural Joint......Page 289
Landmarks for Testing Procedures: Tarsal Joints......Page 291
Inversion: Tarsal Joints......Page 292
Eversion: Tarsal Joints......Page 293
Landmarks for Testing Procedures: Subalter Joint (Rearfoot)......Page 297
Inversion: Subtalar Joint (Rearfoot)......Page 298
Eversion: Subtalar Joint (Rearfoot)......Page 300
Inversion: Transverse Tarsal Joint......Page 302
Eversion: Transverse Tarsal Joint......Page 304
Flexion: Metatarsophalangeal Joint......Page 308
Extension: Metatarsophalangeal Joint......Page 310
Abduction: Metatarsophalangeal Joint......Page 312
Flexion: Interphalangeal Joint Of The First Toe And Proximal Interphalangeal Joints Of The Four Lesser Toes......Page 314
Extension: Distal Interphalangeal Joints Of The Four Lesser Toes......Page 315
Gastrocnemius......Page 316
Gastrocnemius Length Testing Position: Standing......Page 319
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors......Page 320
Functional Range of Motion......Page 325
Reliability and Validity......Page 327
Part 4: Testing Of The Spine And Temporomandibular Joint......Page 333
Atlanto-Occipital and Atlantoaxial Joints......Page 335
Intervertebral and Zygapophyseal Joints......Page 337
Landmarks for Testing Procedures......Page 339
Cervical Flexion: Universal Goniometer......Page 342
Cervical Flexion: Tape Measure......Page 344
Cervical Flexion: Double Inclinometers......Page 345
Cervical Flexion: Cervical Range of Motion (CROM) Device......Page 346
Cervical Extension: Universal Goniometer......Page 347
Cervical Extension: Tape Measure......Page 349
Cervical Extension: Double Inclinometers......Page 350
Cervical Extension: CROM Device......Page 351
Cervical Lateral Flexion: Universal Goniometer......Page 352
Cervical Lateral Flexion: Tape Measure......Page 354
Cervical Lateral Flexion: Double Inclinometers......Page 355
Cervical Lateral Flexion: CROM Device......Page 356
Cervical Rotation: Universal Goniometer......Page 357
Cervical Rotation: Inclinometer......Page 359
Cervical Rotation: CROM Device......Page 361
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors on Cervical Range of Motion Measurements......Page 362
Functional Range of Motion......Page 368
Reliability and Validity......Page 369
Summary......Page 377
Thoracic Spine......Page 381
Lumbar Spine......Page 382
Landmarks for Testing Procedures......Page 384
Thoracolumbar Flexion......Page 385
Tape Measure......Page 386
Fingertip-to-Floor......Page 387
Double Inclinometer......Page 388
Thoracolumbar Extension......Page 389
Tape Measure......Page 390
Double Inclinometers......Page 391
Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion......Page 392
Universal Goniometer......Page 393
Fingertip-to-floor......Page 394
Fingertip-to-thigh......Page 395
Double Inclinometer......Page 397
Universal Goniometer......Page 398
Double Inclinometer......Page 400
Modified–Modified Schober Test or Simplified Skin Distraction Test......Page 401
Double Inclinometer......Page 403
Modified Schober Test......Page 404
Double Inclinometer......Page 406
Lumbar Lateral Flexion......Page 407
Double Inclinometer......Page 408
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors......Page 409
Functional Range of Motion......Page 413
Reliability and Validity......Page 414
Summary......Page 421
Temporomandibular Joint......Page 425
Depression Of The Mandible (Mouth Opening)......Page 428
Overbite......Page 432
Protrusion of the Mandible......Page 433
Lateral Excursion of the Mandible......Page 434
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors......Page 436
Reliability and Validity......Page 438
Appendix A: Normative Range of Motion Values......Page 441
Appendix B: Joint Measurements by Body Position......Page 447
Appendix C: Numerical Recording Forms......Page 449
Index......Page 455