Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook: Two-Volume Set

Spatial, Mechanical, Thermal, and Radiation Measurement
Preface
Acknowledgements
Editors
Contributors
Part I: Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts
Measurements, Instrumentation, and Sensors
Halit Eren
Characteristics of Instrumentation
John R. Hansman, Jr.
Operational Modes of Instrumentation
Richard S. Figliola
Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Instrumentation
Peter H. Sydenham
Measurement Accuracy
Ronald H. Dieck
Development of Standards
Halit Eren
Measurement Standards
DeWayne B. Sharp
Calibrations in Instrumentation and Measurements
Halit Eren
Intelligent Sensors and Instruments
Halit Eren
Virtual Instruments
David Potter and Halit Eren
Fail-Safe Instruments and Devices
Davide Quatrini, Giuseppe Fazio, Mauro Giaconi, and Adelio Salsano
Dynamic Error Measurements of Force Sensors
Akihiro Takita, Jin Tao, and Yusaku Fujii
Part II: Spatial Variables
Thickness Measurement
John C. Brasunas, G. Mark Cushman, and Brook Lakew
Distance Measurement
W. John Ballantyne
Altitude Measurement
Dimitris E. Manolakis
Attitude Measurement
Mark A. Stedham, Partha P. Banerjee, Seiji Nishifuji, and Shogo Tanaka
Inertial Navigation
Halit Eren
Level Measurement
Detlef Brumbi
Area Measurement
Charles B. Coulbourn and Wolfgang P. Buerner
Volume Measurement
Rene G. Aarnink and Hessel Wijkstra
Tilt Measurement
Adam Chrzanowski and James M. Secord
Proximity Sensing for Robotics
Ricardo E. Saad, Ben Benhabib, A. Bonen, and K.C. Smith
Part III: Displacement
Resistive Displacement Sensors
Keith Antonelli, James Ko, and Shyan Ku
Inductive Displacement Sensors
Halit Eren
Capacitive Sensors: Displacement, Humidity, Force
Halit Eren
Piezoelectric Sensors and Transducers
Ahmad Safari, Victor F. Janas, Amit Bandyopadhyay, and Andrei Kholkine
Laser Interferometer Displacement Sensor
Bernhard Gunther Zagar
Bore-Gaging Displacement Sensors
Viktor P. Astakhov
Ultrasonic Displacement Sensors
Nils Karlsson and Ole Pedersen
Optical Encoder Displacement Sensors
J.R. Rene Mayer
Magnetic Displacement Sensors
David S. Nyce
Synchro/Resolver Displacement Sensors
Robert M. Hyatt, Jr. and David Dayton
Optical Fiber Displacement Sensors
Richard O. Claus, Vikram Bhatia, and Anbo Wang
Optical Beam Deflection Sensors
Grover C. Wetsel
Velocity Measurement
Charles P. Pinney and William E. Baker
Part IV: Mechanical Variables
Acceleration, Vibration, and Shock Measurement
Halit Eren
Strain Measurement
Christopher S. Lynch
Tactile Sensing
Ricardo E. Saad, A. Bonen, K.C. Smith, and Ben Benhabib
Pressure Measurement
Kevin H.L. Chau
Vacuum Measurement
Ron Goehner, Emil Drubetsky, Howard M. Brady, and William H. Bayles, Jr.
Force Measurement
M.A. Elbestawi
Angle Measurement
Robert J. Sandberg
Mass, Weights, and Instrumentation
Emil Hazarian
Torque and Power Measurement
Ivan J. Garshelis
Density Measurement
Halit Eren
Fluid Viscosity Measurement
R.A. Secco, M. Kostic, and J.R. deBruyn
Surface Tension Measurement
David B. Thiessen and Kin F. Man
Part V: Acoustics
Acoustic Measurement
Per Rasmussen
Ultrasound Measurement
Peder C. Pedersen
Part VI: Flow and Spot Velocity
Capillary-Type Mass Flow Meter
Reza Pakdaman Zangabad and Manouchehr Bahrami
Differential Pressure Flowmeters
Richard Thorn
Variable Area Flowmeters
Adrian Melling, Herbert Köchner, and Reinhard Haak
Positive Displacement Flowmeters
Zaki D. Husain and Donald J. Wass
Turbine and Vane Flowmeters
David Wadlow
Impeller Flowmeters
Harold M. Miller
Electromagnetic Flowmeters
Halit Eren
Ultrasonic Flowmeters
Hans-Peter Vaterlaus, Thomas Hossle, Paolo Giordano, and Christophe Bruttin
Vortex-Shedding Flowmeters
Wade M. Mattar and James H. Vignos
Thermal Anemometry
Jugal K. Agarwal and John G. Olin
Coriolis Effect Mass Flowmeters
Jesse Yoder
Drag Force Flowmeters
Rekha Philip-Chandy, Roger Morgan, and Patricia J. Scully
Pitot Probe Anemometer
John A. Kleppe
Thermal Dispersion Mass Flow Meters
John G. Olin
Laser Anemometry
Rajan K. Menon
Part VII: Thermal and Temperature Measurement
Temperature Measurements, Scales, and Calibrations
Franco Pavese
Thermal Conductivity Measurement
William A. Wakeham and Marc J. Assael
Heat Flux
Thomas E. Diller
Resistive Thermometers
Jim Burns
Thermistor Thermometers
Rod White and Meyer Sapoff
Thermocouple Thermometry
R.P. Reed
Semiconductor Junction Thermometers
Randy Frank
Noncontact Thermometers
Jacob Fraden
Pyroelectric Detectors
Jacob Fraden
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
Rod White and J.V. Nicholas
Manometric Thermometers
Franco Pavese
Temperature Indicators
Jan Stasiek, Tolestyn Madaj, and Jaroslaw Mikielewicz
Fiber-Optic Thermometers
Brian Culshaw
Thermal Imaging
Herbert M. Runciman
Calorimetry Measurement
Sander van Herwaarden and Elina Iervolino
Part VIII: Radiation
Radioactivity Measurement
Bert M. Coursey
Radioactivity Detectors
Larry A. Franks, Ralph B. James, and Larry S. Darken
Charged-Particle Measurement
John C. Armitage, Madhu S. Dixit, Jacques Dubeau, Hans Mes, and F. Gerald Oakham
Neutron Measurement
Steven M. Grimes
Dosimetry Measurement
Brian L. Justus, Mark A. Miller, and Alan L. Huston
Part IX: Wireless Instrumentation
Wireless Instrumentation
J.P. Carmo and J.H. Correria
Wireless Sensor Node Hardware
Michael Healy, Thomas Newe, and Elfed Lewis
Mobile Instrumentation with Wireless Design and Implementation
Frederick Fortson and Kenneth Johnson
Powering Autonomous Sensors 
Manel Gasulla, Maria Teresa Penella, and Oscar Lopez-Lapeña
Wireless Sensing Technology
Gregory C. Willden, Ben A. Abbott, and Ronald T. Green
Telemetry
Albert Lozano-Nieto
Part X: Control and Human Factors
PID Control
F. Greg Shinskey
Optimal Control and the Software
Halit Eren
Electropneumatic and Electrohydraulic Instruments: Modeling
M. Pachter and C.H. Houpis
Explosion-Proof Instruments
Sam S. Khalilieh
Measurement and Identification of DC Brush and Brushless Stepping Motors
Stuart Schweid, Robert Lofthus, and John McInroy
Human Factors in Displays
Jeffrey D. Onken, Barrett S. Caldwell, and Steven A. Murray
Appendix: Units and Conversions
B.W. Petley
Index
Electromagnetic, Optical, Radiation, Chemical, and Biomedical Measurement
Preface
Acknowledgements
Editors
Contributors
Part I: Sensors and Sensor Technology
Soft Sensors: Software-Based Sensors
Petr Kadlec
Implantable Systems
Vincenzo Luciano, Emilio Sardini, Alessandro Dionisi, Mauro Serpelloni, and Andrea Cadei
Bio-Inspired and Life-Inspired Sensors
Cesar Ortega-Sanchez and Halit Eren
Image Sensors
Mehdi Habibi
Principles and Technology of SQUIDs
Robert L. Fagaly
Next Generation of Smart Sensors
Michael E. Stanley and Stéphane Gervais-Ducouret
Needle-Type Environmental Sensors
Woo Hyoung Lee, Jin-Hwan Lee, Woo-Hyuck Choi, Ian Papautsky, and Paul L. Bishop
Single-Chip Chemical and Biological Sensors
Alireza Hassanzadeh and Robert G. Lindquist
CMOS Integrated Gas Sensors
Prasanta K. Guha, Sumita Santra, and Julian W. Gardner
Energy Harvesting for Sensors: DC Harvesters
Oscar Lopez-Lapeña, Maria Teresa Penella, and Manel Gasulla
Energy Harvesting for Sensors: AC Harvesters
Maria Teresa Penella, Oscar Lopez-Lapeña, and Manel Gasulla
Hydrogen Gas Sensors: Flow
H. El Matbouly, F. Domingue, V. Palmisano, and L. Boon-Brett
Thermal Sensors: Flow
Nam-Trung Nguyen
SQUID Magnetometers
Robert L. Fagaly
Sensor Networks and Communication
Robert M. Crovella
Part II: Electrical Variables
Electric Current Sensors
Pavel Ripka
Nonlinear System Modeling with Invariance to Fourier Transform for Fault Diagnosis: Application to Power Transformers
Gerasimos Rigatos and Pierluigi Siano
Meter Voltage Measurement
Alessandro Ferrero
Oscilloscope Voltage Measurement
Jerry Murphy
Inductive and Capacitive Voltage Measurement
Cipriano Bartoletti, Luca Podestà, and Giancarlo Sacerdoti
Current Measurement
Douglas P. McNutt
Power Measurement
Pasquale Arpaia, Francesco Avallone, Aldo Baccigalupi, and Carmine Landi
Power Factor Measurement
Michael Z. Lowenstein
Phase Measurement
Peter O’Shea
Energy Measurement
Arnaldo Brandolini and Alessandro Gandelli
Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity
Michael B. Heaney
Charge Measurement
Saps Buchman, John T. Mester, and T.J. Sumner
Capacitance and Capacitance Measurements
Halit Eren
Permeability and Hysteresis Measurement
Jeff P. Anderson and Richard J. Blotzer
Inductance Measurement
Michal Szyper
Immittance Measurement
Achim Dreher
Distortion Measurement
Michael F. Toner and Gordon W. Roberts
Noise Measurement
W. Marshall Leach, Jr.
Part III: Electromagnetic Variables
Microwave Measurement
Alfons Dehé, K. Beilenhoff, K. Fricke, H. Klingbeil, V. Krozer, and H.L. Hartnagel
Q Factor Measurement
Albert D. Helfrick
EMI and EMC Test Methods
Jeffrey P. Mills
Permittivity Measurement
Devendra K. Misra
Electric-Field Strength
David A. Hill and Motohisa Kanda
Magnetic Field Measurement
Robert L. Fagaly and Steven A. Macintyre
RF/Microwave Spectrum Analysis
Roberto Ambrosini, Stelio Montebugnoli, Claudio Bortolotti, and Mauro Roma
Part IV: Time and Frequency
Time Measurement
Michael A. Lombardi
Frequency Measurement
Michael A. Lombardi
Part V: Optical
Photoconductive Sensors
Fritz Schuermeyer and Thad Pickenpaugh
Photojunction Sensors
Michael R. Squillante, Kanai S. Shah, and James F. Christian
Vision and Image Sensors
Stanley S. Ipson and Chima Okereke
Charge-Coupled Devices
John A. Nousek, M.W. Bautz, B.E. Burke, J.A. Gregory, R.E. Griffiths, R.L. Kraft, H.L. Kwok, and D.H. Lumb
Densitometry Measurement
Joseph H. Altman
Colorimetry
Robert T. Marcus
Polarization Measurement
Soe-Mie F. Nee
Refractive Index Measurement
Gerry H. Meeten
Turbidity Measurement
Daniel Harrison and Michael Fisch
Laser Output Measurement
Haiyin Sun
Optical Loss: Principles and Applications
M.M. Rad, Halit Eren, and Martin Maier
Part VI: Chemical Variables
Interference and Selectivity in Portable Chemical Sensors
Denise Wilson
Electrochemical Composition Measurement
Michael J. Schöning, Arshak Poghossian, Olaf Glück, and Marion Thust
Thermal Composition Measurement
Mushtaq Ali, Behrooz Pahlavanpour, and Maria Eklund
Kinetic Composition Measurement
E.E. Uzgiris and J.Y. Gui
Chromatography Composition Measurement
Behrooz Pahlavanpour, Mushtaq Ali, and C.K. Laird
pH Measurement
Norman F. Sheppard, Jr. and Anthony Guiseppi-Elie
Part VII: Medical, Biomedical, and Health
Wireless Sensor Networks in Health
Enrique Dorronzoro, Isabel Gómez, Ana Verónica Medina, Luis Fernández-Luque, and Jose Antonio Gómez
Sensors for Electrical Impedance Tomography
Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju
Patient-Care Sensing and Monitoring Systems
Akihiro Kajiwara and Ryohei Nakamura
Sensor-Based Activity Recognition Techniques
Donghai Guan, Weiwei Yuan, and Sungyoung Lee
Biopotentials and Electrophysiology Measurement
Nitish V. Thakor
Blood Pressure Measurement
Shyam Rithalia, Mark Sun, and Roger Jones
Blood Flow Measurements
Per Ask and P. Åke Öberg
Medical Imaging
James T. Dobbins III, Sean M. Hames, Bruce H. Hasegawa, Timothy R. DeGrado, James A. Zagzebski, and Richard Frayne
Blood Chemistry Measurement
Terry L. Rusch and Ravi Sankar
Human Occupancy Detectors
Jacob Fraden
Part VIII: Environmental
GPR Principles and Applications
Jan Francke
Airborne Radiometers to Measure Electromagnetic Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere: Mature and Emerging Technologies
Manfred Wendisch
In Situ Sensors for Monitoring the Marine Environment
Graham A. Mills, Gary R. Fones, and Silke Kröger
Mobile Environmental Sensing Using Smartphones
Siamak Aram, A. Toriono, F. Rugiano, and E. Pasero
Space Dosimetry
Jarvis A. Caffrey and David M. Hamby
Capacitance Sensors for Nondestructive Moisture Determination in Agricultural Products and Biofuel Materials
Chari V. Kandala and Naveen Puppala
Radio Location, Radio Navigation, and GPS Systems
Halit Eren
Air Pollution Monitoring
Michael Bennett
Water Quality Measurement
Kathleen M. Leonard
Satellite Imaging and Sensing
Robert F. Cromp
Humidity and Moisture Measurement
Gert J.W. Visscher
Ventilation Measurement
L. Basano and P. Ottonello
Meteorological Measurement
John D. Garrison and Stephen B.W. Roeder
Robotics and Sensors: Environmental Applications
Gourab Sen Gupta
Part IX: Signal Processing
Modulation
David M. Beams
Filters
Rahman Jamal and Robert Steer
Spectrum Analysis and Correlation
Ronney B. Panerai
Applied Intelligence Processing
Peter H. Sydenham and Rodney Pratt
Analog-to-Digital Converters
E.B. Loewenstein
Computers
A.M. MacLeod, P.F. Martin, and W.A. Gillespie
Grounding and Shielding
Daryl Gerke and William Kimmel
Amplifiers and Signal Conditioners
Ramón Pallás-Areny
Data Acquisition Systems
Edward McConnell
Part X: Displays and Recorders
Plasma-Driven Flat Panel Displays
Robert T. McGrath, Ramanapathy Veerasingam, William C. Moffatt, and Robert B. Campbell
Electroluminescent Displays
William A. Barrow
Light-Emitting Diode Displays
Mohammad A. Karim
Magnetic and Optical Recording
Yufeng Li
Liquid Crystal Displays
Kalluri R. Sarma
Cathode Ray Tube Displays
Christopher J. Sherman
Appendix: Units and Conversions
B.W. Petley
Index