Measurement, Data Analysis, and Sensor Fundamentals for Engineering and Science, 2nd Edition

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
1.1 Chapter Overview......Page 16
1.2 Role of Experiments......Page 17
1.3 The Experiment......Page 19
1.4 Experimental Approach......Page 22
1.5 Classification of Experiments......Page 23
1.7 Review Problems......Page 25
1.8 Homework Problems......Page 26
Bibliography......Page 28
2 Electronics......Page 30
2.2.1 Charge......Page 31
2.2.3 Force......Page 32
2.2.6 Resistance and Resistivity......Page 33
2.2.9 Inductance......Page 35
2.3 Circuit Elements......Page 36
2.3.3 Inductor......Page 37
2.3.4 Transistor......Page 38
2.4 RLC Combinations......Page 39
2.5 Elementary DC Circuit Analysis......Page 42
2.6 Elementary AC Circuit Analysis......Page 48
2.7 *Equivalent Circuits......Page 51
2.8 *Meters......Page 53
2.9 *Impedance Matching and Loading Error......Page 54
2.10 *Electrical Noise......Page 58
2.12 Review Problems......Page 60
2.13 Homework Problems......Page 64
Bibliography......Page 70
3 Measurement Systems......Page 72
3.2 Measurement System Elements......Page 73
3.3 Sensors and Transducers......Page 75
3.3.1 Sensor Principles......Page 76
3.3.2 Sensor Examples......Page 78
3.3.3 *Sensor Scaling......Page 85
3.4 Amplifiers......Page 87
3.5 Filters......Page 93
3.6 Analog-to-Digital Converters......Page 99
3.7 Example Measurement Systems......Page 103
3.9 Review Problems......Page 110
3.10 Homework Problems......Page 111
Bibliography......Page 116
4.1 Chapter Overview......Page 118
4.2 Static Response Characterization......Page 119
4.3 Dynamic Response Characterization......Page 121
4.4 Zero-Order System Dynamic Response......Page 123
4.5 First-Order System Dynamic Response......Page 124
4.5.1 Response to Step-Input Forcing......Page 126
4.5.2 Response to Sinusoidal-Input Forcing......Page 127
4.6 Second-Order System Dynamic Response......Page 133
4.6.1 Response to Step-Input Forcing......Page 136
4.6.2 Response to Sinusoidal-Input Forcing......Page 138
4.7 Higher-Order System Dynamic Response......Page 140
4.8 *Numerical Solution Methods......Page 142
4.10 Review Problems......Page 146
4.11 Homework Problems......Page 149
Bibliography......Page 154
5 Probability......Page 156
5.2 Relation to Measurements......Page 157
5.4 Plotting Statistical Information......Page 158
5.5 Probability Density Function......Page 166
5.6 Various Probability Density Functions......Page 170
5.6.1 Binomial Distribution......Page 172
5.6.2 Poisson Distribution......Page 173
5.7 Central Moments......Page 175
5.8 Probability Distribution Function......Page 178
5.9.1 *Union and Intersection of Sets......Page 180
5.9.2 *Conditional Probability......Page 181
5.9.4 *Permutations and Combinations......Page 186
5.9.5 *Birthday Problems......Page 188
5.11 Review Problems......Page 190
5.12 Homework Problems......Page 193
Bibliography......Page 196
6.1 Chapter Overview......Page 198
6.2 Normal Distribution......Page 199
6.3 Normalized Variables......Page 201
6.4 Student\'s t Distribution......Page 205
6.5 Standard Deviation of the Means......Page 212
6.6 Chi-Square Distribution......Page 215
6.6.1 Estimating the True Variance......Page 217
6.6.2 Establishing a Rejection Criterion......Page 220
6.6.3 Comparing Observed and Expected Distributions......Page 221
6.7 *Pooling Samples......Page 222
6.8 *Hypothesis Testing......Page 224
6.9 *Design of Experiments......Page 228
6.10 *Factorial Design......Page 230
6.12 Review Problems......Page 234
6.13 Homework Problems......Page 237
Bibliography......Page 242
7 Uncertainty Analysis......Page 244
7.2 Uncertainty......Page 245
7.3 Comparing Theory and Measurement......Page 247
7.4 Uncertainty as an Estimated Variance......Page 248
7.5 Systematic and Random Errors......Page 250
7.6 Measurement Process Errors......Page 252
7.7 Quantifying Uncertainties......Page 254
7.8 Measurement Uncertainty Analysis......Page 255
7.9 General Uncertainty Analysis......Page 257
7.9.1 Single-Measurement Measurand Experiment......Page 259
7.9.2 Single-Measurement Result Experiment......Page 265
7.10 Detailed Uncertainty Analysis......Page 271
7.10.1 Multiple-Measurement Measurand Experiment......Page 276
7.10.2 Multiple-Measurement Result Experiment......Page 277
7.11 Uncertainty Analysis Summary......Page 279
7.12.1 *Derivative Approximation......Page 282
7.12.2 *Integral Approximation......Page 284
7.12.3 *Uncertainty Estimate Approximation......Page 289
7.13 *Uncertainty Based upon Interval Statistics......Page 290
7.15 Review Problems......Page 294
7.16 Homework Problems......Page 298
Bibliography......Page 306
8 Regression and Correlation......Page 310
8.2 Least-Squares Approach......Page 311
8.3 Least-Squares Regression Analysis......Page 312
8.4 Linear Analysis......Page 314
8.5 Regression Parameters......Page 317
8.6 Confidence Intervals......Page 319
8.7 Linear Correlation Analysis......Page 326
8.8 Uncertainty from Measurement Error......Page 332
8.9 Determining the Appropriate Fit......Page 334
8.10.1 *Autocorrelation......Page 340
8.10.2 *Cross-Correlation......Page 343
8.11 *Higher-Order Analysis......Page 346
8.12 *Multi-Variable Linear Analysis......Page 349
8.14 Review Problems......Page 351
8.15 Homework Problems......Page 352
Bibliography......Page 356
9.1 Chapter Overview......Page 358
9.2 Signal Characterization......Page 359
9.3 Signal Variables......Page 362
9.4 Signal Statistical Parameters......Page 364
9.5 Fourier Series of a Periodic Signal......Page 369
9.6 Complex Numbers and Waves......Page 376
9.7 Exponential Fourier Series......Page 378
9.8 Spectral Representations......Page 380
9.9 Continuous Fourier Transform......Page 382
9.10 *Continuous Fourier Transform Properties......Page 384
9.12 Review Problems......Page 387
9.13 Homework Problems......Page 389
Bibliography......Page 392
10.1 Chapter Overview......Page 394
10.2 Digital Sampling......Page 395
10.3 Aliasing......Page 397
10.4 Discrete Fourier Transform......Page 400
10.5 Fast Fourier Transform......Page 403
10.6 Amplitude Ambiguity......Page 405
10.7 *Windowing......Page 414
10.10 Homework Problems......Page 418
Bibliography......Page 422
11 *Units and Significant Figures......Page 424
11.2 English and Metric Systems......Page 425
11.3 Systems of Units......Page 427
11.4 SI Standards......Page 432
11.5 Technical English and SI Conversion Factors......Page 433
11.5.2 Area and Volume......Page 434
11.5.4 Mass and Weight......Page 435
11.5.6 Work and Energy......Page 437
11.5.8 Temperature......Page 438
11.5.9 Other Properties......Page 439
11.6 Prefixes......Page 440
11.7 Significant Figures......Page 442
11.9 Review Problems......Page 446
11.10 Homework Problems......Page 448
Bibliography......Page 452
12.1 Chapter Overview......Page 454
12.2.1 Writing in General......Page 455
12.2.2 Writing Technical Memoranda......Page 456
12.2.3 Number and Unit Formats......Page 458
12.2.4 Graphical Presentation......Page 459
12.3 Technical Memo......Page 462
12.4 Technical Report......Page 464
12.5 Oral Technical Presentation......Page 466
12.8 Homework Problems......Page 469
Bibliography......Page 472
A: Glossary......Page 474
B: Symbols......Page 488
C: Review Problem Answers......Page 498
Index......Page 500